I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, i 



' Shelt .^ ,, „ 



UNITED STATES OF AMEEIOA. 



Scott's Review History of the United States. 



SHORT OUTLINE HISTORY 



UNITED STATES, 



FOR COLLEGE 



AND FOR BEGINNERS IN THE STUDY. 



BY 



yr . DAVID B. SCOTT, Jr. 

II jyo..jJ:/^../c - 

'\Or, 1RTQ .^' -■ 

NEW YORK: 
COLLINS & BROTHER, 

414 BROADWAY, 
1879. 

7r 



Copyright^ 1879, by Collins b' Brother. 



\ 



Smith & McDougal, Electroti'pers, 
82 BeekmiiD St., N. Y. 



PREFACE 



npHIS book has been prepared with the intention of meeting a 
•^ want of First-Grade classes in the public schools of New 
York City. According to the Course of Study there adopted, that 
grade requires in most branches a general review of everything 
previously taught. In the matter of United States history, there- 
fore, it seemed desirable that there be some text-book which would 
enable the teacher of a First-Grade class to cover the ground 
required, within the period allotted to the work, with the least 
expenditure of time and labor possible. 

Particular attention is called to the following points : 

I. The General Outline, preceding the text, similar in general 
character to that recommended in the Teachers Manual. 

II. The system of cross-references, by sections, which serves 
to keep all the points bearing on a given topic continually before 
the mind of the pupil — especially if he be required to recite their 
substance as a regular part of his lesson. 

III. The chronological lists of events which head the topical 
divisions of the book, and which are intended for memoriter 
recitation. 

IV. The condensed accounts (Summaries), given after all the 
topical divisions, of the events narrated in the preceding text ; — 
also intended for memoriter recitation. 



IV PREFACE. 

V The questions on the text, after each division, which have 
been prepared with great care, and which present some peculiari- 
ties that will assist the teacher's work : as, for example, their 
division into groups, each of a size suitable for a lesson of moderate 
length ; occasional map-questions ; requirements in regard to 
table-making, etc. As far as possible, the idea of having each 
question answered by a particular sentence in the text, has been 
followed. 

VI. The Table of Presidents, at the close of the book, giving 
the chief events of each administration. 

VII. The method of division of the history of the country 
from 1789 to the present year, by which the administrations are 
grouped in fours ; — the author having found that the pupils can be 
more easily made to remember their order and the events in each 
by this plan than by any other which he has tried. 

VIII. The history of the Last Three Administrations, which 
has been made a little fuller than the rest of the history, at the 
suggestion of several teachers of first-grade classes. 

New York, April, 1879. 



GENERAL OUTLINE. 



1. Pbevious to the year 1492, the continents of North and South America 
were unknown to Europeans. In that year Columbus made a voyage to the west 
which resulted in the first discovery. In North and South America, therefore, 
20 civilized independent nations have grown up within 400 years, where none 
existed previously. 

2. European nations promptly followed up this discovery, and expeditions 
were sent out by the French, English, Spanish, Dutch, and other governments. 

3. Spain took the lead in these explorations and soon became possessed of 
the region around the Gulf of Mexico,— particularly the West Indies, from which 
she fitted out further expeditions. 

4. The English soon gained possession of nearly all the coast from Florida 
north, and claimed all land to the west. 

5. The French laid claim to the territory along the St. Lawrence and Missis- 
sippi Rivers and around the Great Lakes. 

6. Other nations laid claim to various portions of the territory embraced by 
these claims, but by the year 1750, all had given up their rights to one or another 
of these three countries. 

7. During the period between the discovery of Columbus to the year 1750 
many settlements had sprung up ; those of the English, the most numerous, 
being east of the Alleghanies along the coast from Florida to New Hampshire ; 
those of the French, in Canada and the Mississippi Valley ; and a few Spanish 
ones in the extreme south. The first successful English settlement was made in 
1607, about 115 years after Columbus's first voyage. 

8. The native inhabitants of most of the districts taken possession of by Spain 
were reduced to slavery, and within a few years were nearly all exterminated by 
this means. 

9. To supply their place the African slave-trade was commenced,— a system 
which later spread to the continent, and 300 years after was the main cause of a 
terrible civil war (1861-1865). 

10. The present inhabitants of this country, therefore, are principally of three 
difi"erent races: 1st. The native population, or Indians ; 2d. Those descended 
from European stock ; 8d. The Negroes. To these may be added a small propor- 
tion of Chinese immigrants. 

11. The English settlements increased the most rapidly in numbers and pop- 
ulation, and gradually swallowed up those of all other nations except Spain. 
The French possessions passed under English control in 1763, after a fierce colo- 
nial war of nine years' duration, 



vi GENERAL OUTLIIS'E. 

12. The English colonies were settled largely by people who had fled from 
religious or political persecution at home. The spirit of the colonists was, 
therefore, from the first, one of more or less opposition to the English govern- 
ment. 

13. Until about 100 years ago these colonies were under British dominion. 

14. The French and Indian war left Great Britain with a heavy debt, to pay 
which a very burdensome system of taxation was imposed on the colonies. The 
government had also been very oppressive otherwise. As a result, the colonies 
revolted, declared themselves independent, and, afcer an eight years' war, suc- 
ceeded in compelling Great Britain to acknowledge their independence (1783). 

15. Six years later (1789) the present Constitution was adopted, binding the 
states into a Union. 

16. The original territory of the United States extended only to the Missis- 
sippi on the west, and from Canada on the north to Florida on the south. It did 
not include either Florida or the Gulf coast. The original number of states was 
thirteen. The population was then about 2,500,000. 

17. Since then the national territory has been increased by purchase and 
annexation, until now it extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and includes 
Florida, Alaska, and a large portion of the Gulf coast. The number of states is 
at present thirty-eight. The population is about 40,000,000. 

18. The United States have been involved in three wars since the establish- 
ment of the Constitution :— 1. A war with Great Britain arising from ill-treatment 
of U. S. citizens by that government ; 2. A war with Mexico growing out of the 
annexation of Texas ; and 3. A civil war between the Federal government and 
eleven southern states which had endeavored to secede from the Union. 



SHOKT OUTLINE-HISTORY 



OF THE 



UNITED STATE S 



DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. 

1. Previous to the year 1492 the portion of the earth 
known to Europeans comprised only Europe, a part of 
Asia, and that portion of Africa which lay north of the 
Desert of Sahara. 

2. In that year Christopher Columbns, a Genoese, being 
assisted by King Ferdinand of Spain, sailed from the 
harbor of Palos, and, after a nine weeks' voyage, landed 
on an Island which he named San Salvador. 

3. His idea in sailing was to find, if possible, a way by 
water to the East Indies. Such a route was much to be 
preferred to the long and costly overland journey which 
had previously been the only means by which the rare 
articles of eastern ti'ade had been brought into European 
markets. Thus the demands of commerce led to the 
discovery of America. 

4. Columbus made three more voyages to the new land, 
but beyond its discovery did little to render it of value to 
Europe. In 1499 he touched the continent at the mouth 
of the Orinoco Kiver. 

5. The discovery aroused great interest and gave rise at 
once to a number of similar expeditions. The first man 



2 DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. 

to reach the mainland was John Cabot, a Venetian, sailing 
under English colors, who in 1497 struck the coast of 
North America and explored it from what is now New 
England to Labrador. In 1498 Sebastian Cabot, his son, 
sailed along the coast from the St. Lawrence to Florida. 

6. The explorations of the Cabots were of great impor- 
tance, as they were made the ground of the English claim 
to a large part of the continent in the controversy leading 
to the French and Lidian war, about 250 years later 
(§97). 

7. The Greater Antilles were soon occupied by the 
Spaniards, who very quickly learned to make use of the 
natives as slaves, in agricultural pursuits and especially 
in the mines, by this means rapidly exterminating them. 
We should remember this, because it was the beginning 
and cause of slavery in this country. 

8. These islands once settled, afiPorded very convenient 
headquarters for the fitting out of exploring expeditions. 
Accordingly we find that many Spanish Expeditions 
were sent from there to the mainland, the most important 
of which were the following : 

Ojetla, 1510, settled Darien ; from which place 

Balboa, 1513, started and discovered the Pacific. 

Ponce de Leoii^ 1512, discovered Florida. 

Cordova, 1517, discovered Yucatan. 

Grijalva, 1518, explored Mexico. 

Cortex, 1519-21, conquered Mexico. 

De Soto, Governor of Cuba, landed in Florida, and going north and west 
discovered the Mississippi, 1539. 

3Ielendez attempted to settle Florida, where, 15G5, he founded St. Augus- 
tine, the oldest city in the U. S. 

9. From this it will be seen that the Spanish explora- 
tions in North America were mostly in the region around 
the Gulf of Mexico. In South America this nation was 
very active, and before many years after Columbus's first 
voyage had taken possession of large tracts there. Peru 
was the most valuable of the South American possessions. 



DISCOVERT AKD EXPLORATIOlT. 3 

immense stores of gold and silver being obtained by the 
conquest of that country. The Portuguese also explored 
and took possession of portions of the southern continent. 
It is owing to these endeavors that Portuguese is the lan- 
guage of Brazil, and Spanish of most of the remainder of 
South America, just as English energy made English the 
language of the United States. 

10. In the meantime other nations were also engaged 
in exploring the new world, chief among which were the 
French and English. The most important French 
Exi)lorers were as follows : 

Vei-azani, 1524, sailed along the eastern coast from North Carolina to 
Newfoundland. This was made one of the grounds of the French claim during 
the French and Indian war. 

Cartier, 1534, sailed up the St. Lawrence, and tried to form a settlement on 
Orleans Island, but failed ; he tried it again in 1541, but again was unsuccessful. 

Riljaiit, 1562, tried to start a Huguenot colony at Port Royal (N. C), but 
failed. Two years later, 

Liaucloiiiiierre, 1564, came for the same purpose, but the settlers were 
attacked by the Spaniards and nearly all put to death. 

De Monts, 1603, obtained the grant of Acadia (see map) and settled it at 
Port Royal, 1605. 

Cliauiplaiii, 1608, founded Quebec and, 1609, discovered the lake called 
after him. 

11. After the discovery and exploration by the Cabots 
there was nothing done by the English till 

Frobislier, 1576, In search of a northwesterly route to India, cruised 
around northern British America. 

Drake, 1579, while on a plundering expedition, entered San Francisco har- 
bor, and named the California coast New Albion. 

Gilbert, 1583, took possession of Newfoundland for England, but his ship 
was lost on the homeward voyage and all perished. 

Raleigli, 1584, received a grant of territory from Queen Elizabeth, and sent 
out an exploring expedition under Amidas and Barlow who named the tract they 
explored Virginia. 

Grosiiold, 1603, explored the Massachusetts coast and named Cape Cod. 

12. In 1609 Henry Hudson, an Englishman in the 
Dutch service, also seekiug a western passage to India, 
sailed up the river named after him, thus laying the 
foundation of the Dutch claim. 



4 DISCOVERY AND EXPLOEATIOIT. 

13. Various names were given by different explorers to 
the regions described by them. The most noticeable are 
as follows: Acadia, which consisted of Cape Breton Is- 
land, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick ; Canada, which 
included the tract along the St. Lawrence and great 
lakes ; Virginia, the district from the St. Lawrence to 
Albemarle Sound; Neiv Spain, or Mexico and Central 
America ; New France, including Acadia, Canada, and 
much other territory, overlapping the English claims; 
New England, a name given later to the northern part of 
Virginia; and Neio Netherland, the name of the Dutch 
claim. 

14. From these facts we find that the claims of the 
four strongest powers were : 

France :— Canada and Acadia and the district north of New Tork Bay, he- 
sides a portion in the south called Carolina. 

England ;— From Labrador to Florida, extending indefinitely westward. 
Spain :— The region bordering on the Gulf of Mexico including Florida. 
Holland :— Between the mouth of Delaware Bay and Acadia, 

15. This confusion regarding boundaries could not fail 
to lead to trouble, and as settlements increased it brought 
on increasing difficulties, resulting first in the Dutch 
losing their possessions (§ 34) ; next, in trouble with Spain 
in the south (§ 79) ; and finally, in the total loss by the 
French of all territory east of the Mississippi (§110). 

A careful study of the map upon the opposite page will be of far more value 
in fixing the relations of these claims to one another than much explanation in 
the text. 



COLONIZATION. 



COLONIZATION. 

Raleigh attempts to settle Roanoke' Island, 1585-7; Jamestown settled {Va.), 
1607 ; Hudson sails up the North River, 1609 ; Albany founded, 1614 ; Cultiva- 
tion of tobacco begun ( Fa.), 1615 ; Plynaouth settled (Mass.), 1620 ; Slavery intro- 
duced (Va.), 1620; Cotton first cultivated (Fa.), 1621; JVew Hampshire settled, 
1623: Boston settled, W30 ; St. Mary's founded (Md.), 1^34; Connecticut settled, 
1635; Providence settlement {R. /.), 1636; Pequod War {Conn.), 1637; New Eng- 
land Union, 1643; Navigation Act, 1660; New Jersey settled, 1664; New Nether- 
lands seized by the English, 1664 ; North Caiolina settled, 16G4; First South Caro- 
lijia settlement, 1670 ; Charleston settled (S. C), 1680 ; Pennsylvania settled, 1682 ; 
King William's War, 1689 ; Treaty of Ryswick, 1697 ; Queen Anne's War, 1702 ; 
Treaty of Utrecht, 1713 ; Delaware a separate colony, 1703 ; Georgia settled, 1733 ; 
King George's War, 1744; Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748. 

16. In 1585, after sending out Amidas and Barlow 
(§ 11), Ealeigh endeavored to start a colony on Eoanoke 
Island under Lane, but failed. Later, in 1587, he tried it 
again under White, but during the absence of White the 
colony utterly disappeared. 

17. Ealeigli, disgusted, gave up his patent to a body of 
Londoners who made no further attempts to settle the 
grant. King James I., being dissatisfied, ignored this 
company's claims, and dividing Virginia * into two por- 
tions, gave to a body called the London Company from 
the 34th to the 38th degree. N. Lat., and to another cor- 
poration called the Plymouth Company, from the 41st to 
the 45th degree. 

18. These grants extended to the west without limit, 
and as soon as we find settlements being made in Western 
Virginia we also find immediate trouble and war with the 
French (§ 95). 



* This " Virginia " must not be confounded with the present state of that name. 
{See § 11). 



COLOl^IZATIOK. 



ViEGINIA. 



19. The first organized attempt, which was followed up 
systematically, to settle the new world was that of the 
London Company. This corporation sent out a colony to 
settle on the ill -fated Roanoke Island ; but the colonists, 
being driven out of their course by a storm, sailed up the 
James River and settled at a place which they named 
Jamestown, May 1607, the year before Chami^lain founded 
Quebec (§10). 

20. The colony languished for a year, and was only 
saved from utter ruin by Captain John Smith, who paci- 
fied the Indians and subdued more or less mutiny among 
the settlers. The following year, 1608, more settlers were 
sent, but being like the first, lazy and unused to work, 
their arrival did not mend matters ; and as the whole ob- 
ject of the Company had been to make money, the colony 
was looked on in the light of a failure, thus far. 

21. To remedy matters the Company obtained (in 1609) 
a second charter which enabled them to act more ener- 
getically. Lord Delaware was appointed governor, and 
500 colonists were sent out. The new-comers at first refused 
to acknowledge Smith's authority, but he succeeded in 
finally bringing them under his control, and affairs began 
to improve. 

22. Unfortunately, however, Smith was injured by an 
explosion of powder, and forced to go to England for 
treatment. Immediate disaster overtook the colony; 
their stores were wasted, and want, disease, and bad man- 
agement reduced their numbers in the succeeding winter 
to hardly more than a teuth. Those that remained had 
made up their minds to sail for Halifax, when Lord Dela- 
ware's fleet arrived, and a new attempt was begnn. 

23. In 1612 the Company applied for new privileges. 



8 COLONIZATIOiq-. 

and succeeded in obtaining their third charter, which gave 
them much more control over the settlements. 

24. After all, however, the success of the colony de- 
pended on the labors of the colonists themselves, and it 
was not until 1615 that the attempts of the Company 
began to yield any fair returns. In that year the settlers 
commenced the cultivation of tobacco. This found a 
ready market in Europe, and through its means the colony 
at once began to prosper. 

25. In 1619 a body of men elected by the various 
" boroughs " of the colony met at Jamestown under the 
name of '^ burgesses." This was the first body of the sort 
in America, and two years afterwards the colony had tliis 
right secured to it by the first Constitution granted in 
America. 

26. In 1620 Negro slavery was introduced, by the pur- 
chase of twenty negroes from a Dutch captain. This was 
the beginning of a system which caused trouble from 
almost the first of the Federal history, and eventually led 
to the War of the Rebellion in 1861. The cultivation of 
cotton was attempted about this time, and it is well to 
remember that the growth of the cotton trade and that 
of slavery kept pace through many years. 

27. In 1622 the colony was nearly destroyed by an In- 
dian war. The Company, being highly displeased with 
its want of success, began to quarrel. Tlie king there- 
upon assumed the government, and Virginia became a 
Royal Province (§ 86). In 1644 the Indians again gave 
trouble, but were completely subdued. 

28. King James I. died, and his son Charles I. suc- 
ceeded to the throne. A long series of difficulties be- 
tween him and his parliament ensued, resulting in his 
being beheaded, and in Oliver Cromwell, a parliamentary 
partisan, taking the government under the title of Pro- 
tector. Virginia refused to admit his authority, but 



COLONIZATION". 9 

Cromwell, deeming this a matter of small importance, 
paid but little attention to the colony. In 1658 Cromwell 
died, and two years after, Charles II., son of Charles I., 
succeeded to the throne. 

29. x\lmost immediately the new government passed a 
law called the Navigation Act, and began a very oppres- 
sive system of rule in the colonies, particularly Virginia. 
The main points of the Act were: 1st. That the American 
colonists must ship their goods to England alone; 2d. 
That they there must obtain all the foreign goods needed 
by them; and 3d. That they must not import or ex- 
port anything except in British vessels. This interfered 
seriously with the trade of all the colonies, but most of 
all with that of Virginia. It continued in force for more 
than a century and was one of the causes of the revolu- 
tion. 

30. In 1676, owing to the tyranny of the colonial gov- 
ernment, the people rose in rebellion against Berkeley 
their governor, under a leader named Bacon. Jamestown 
was burned, and just when the rebels seemed to have 
everything in their hands, Bacon died. Berkeley at once 
put down the rebellion and hung a number of the ring- 
leaders. 

31. In 1673 Virginia passed again under proprietary 
government (§ 85), the proprietors, or owners, being Arling- 
ton and Culpepper. The latter obtained full control in 
1677; bnt in 1684 the crown once more took charge of 
the colony, and the government remained royal till 1776. 

New York. 

32. The Dutch claim to territory consisted of the tract 
between the 40th and 45th parallels of N. latitude — that 
is, from Philadelphia north to the northern boundary of 
Vermont and Passamaquoddy Bay — and was based on 



10 COLONIZATION". 

Henry Hudson's voyage in 1609 (§12). The name New 
ISTetherlands was given to this district, but later comprised 
only the territory between Massachusetts Bay and south- 
ern Delaware. 

33. To protect their claim Fort Orange (now Albany) 
was built in 1615; Fort Nassau, near Camden, in 1623 ; 
and Fort Amsterdam, on Manhattan Island, in 1626. A 
considerable town called New Amsterdam soon sprung up 
at the last mentioned place. There was much trouble 
with their neighbors, the English in Connecticut and the 
Swedes on the Delaware ; but Stuyvesant, the fourtli gov- 
ernor, arranged the eastern boundary, and took possession 
of the Swedish settlements (§ 63). 

34. The Duke of York, brother of Charles II. of Eng- 
land, received a grant of the whole tract from the Dela- 
ware to the Connecticut Eiver, and a fleet under Commo- 
dore Nichols was sent to take possession of the country, in 
1664. Bat little opposition was met with, and New 
Amsterdam fell into the hands of the English. The 
name of the town, and the whole region, was changed to 
New York. In 1673 the colony again fell into the hands 
of the Dutch, but was restored to the English in 1674. 

35. Under the English rule New York grew rapidly, 
and its history was not very eventful. In 1690, during 
King WilHam's War (§ 91), Schenectady was burned; and 
in 1741 a disturbance occurred in New York City arising 
from a rumor that the negroes had plotted to burn the 
city. 

36. Upon the death of Charles 11. (§28) the Duke of 
York became king (James II.) and the government of 
course became royal. Tlie royal governors were very op- 
pressive, and their tyranny led to much discontent. One 
of the most tyrannical of them was Governor Andros, 
whom we shall meet with in the history of New England 
(§§43,51,55). 



COLOiq^IZATIOl!?". 11 

Massachusetts. 
The Plymouth Colony. 

37. The original charter of the Plymouth Company 
embraced the country between the -ilst and 45th degrees 
N. latitude, but in 1G20 the Company obtained a new one 
granting them the district betw^een 41° and 48° and of 
unlimited extent westward. This was done at the sugges- 
tion of John Smith, who had explored the coast from 
Maine to Cape Cod and had named the country New 
England. 

38. The first attempt at settlement in this region had 
been made in 1607 by some colonists who endeavored to 
settle in Maine, but it proved a failure. 

39. The first successful settlement was made in 1620 by 
a body of Puritans who had intended to settle in the ter- 
ritory of the London Company (Virginia). Their voyage, 
however, was very long, and stormy weather had taken 
them north far out of their course ; and they were glad 
to settle on Cape Cod Bay. They called their settlement 
Plymouth. Their snfierings during the first year w^re 
terrible ; nearly half of their people died, and but for the 
friendly aid of the Indians the colony would have proved 
a failure. 

40. At first the Plymouth colony had no charter. 
They had legally no right to the tract they had settled 
upon ; but in 1630 they obtained from the Plymouth 
Company (or, as it w^as now called, the " Council for New 
England") a grant of the land which they had taken 
possession of. 

The Massachusetts Bay Colony. 

41. About eight years after the settlement of Plymouth 
«=— that is, in 1628 — several persons obtained a grant 



12 COLONIZATION". 

("Endicott's Grant;" see map, p. 21) from the Council for 
New England stretching from Boston Harbor to the Mer- 
rimack, in which a settlement was at once made called 
Salem. The next year, 1629, Charlestown was founded, 
and in 1G30 a large number of colonists settled at Boston. 
These and other settlements in the same grant received 
the name Massaciiusetts Bay Colony. 

42. The Puritans had come to this country to avoid 
religious persecution at home ; hut they were so fearful 
lest they should he interfered with in their beliefs, that 
they showed an almost equally intolerant spirit toward 
others. In 1635 Roger Williams (§ 53) was banished 
— on account of the religious views he held, differing 
from those of the others ; in 1637 a Mrs. Hutchinson w^as 
also ordered to leave the colony for similar reasons. But 
the Quakers met the severest treatment, for in 1656 when 
a number of these people came, they were imprisoned, 
driven out into the wilderness, and four WTre even hung. 
In course of time, however, this feeling toward other 
sects greatly altered. 

43. The Navigation Act (§ 29) greatly interfered with 
the commerce of the New England colonies, and in' 1686 
it was seriously resisted in Boston. To punish the people 
for this, the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was 
taken away and Sir Edward Andros sent over as Royal 
Governor, not only of that colony, but of all New England 
and New York. Three years after, wiien the Second 
Revolution (§ 91) in England took place, Andros was 
arrested and sent back to the mother country. 

44. The Massachusetts colonists were not without their 
Indian troubles. In 1675 King Philip, an Indian chief, 
led his tribe in a war against the whites, assisted by the 
Narragansetts, a Rhode Island tribe. They were badly 
defeated, but continued to resist until 1676, when Philip's 
death ended hostilities. 



colon^izatio:n". 13 



New Hampshire. 



45. In 1622 Gorges and Mason received a grant of land 
from tlie Council for New England north of that given to 
the Pilgrims (g 40), lying between the Merrimack and 
Kenuebec Rivers. The first settlements were made near 
Portsmouth in 1623 by fishermen, and shortly after, in 
the same year, at Dover. 

46. Mason obtained full control over the region in 1629, 
but he having disposed of considerable of this to other 
persons, there arose many lawsuits, and much annoyance 
to the settlers. The people finally, in 1641, united with 
Massachusetts, but Mason's heirs persuaded the king to 
take the government into his own hands, and New Hamp- 
shire became a royal province. Three times the colony 
joined Massachusetts and as many times w^as separated. 
At last, in 1741, it became independent and remained so 
until 1776. 

47. Being directly on the Indian frontier the settlers 
were forced to endure many sufferings during the Indian 
and other wars ; but in spite of all its troubles the colony 
steadily improved. 

COi^KECTICUT. 

48. The Earl of Warwick obtained from the Council 
for New England, in 1630, a grant of land bounded on 
the east by the Narragansett River and reaching indefi- 
nitely westward. This he sold to Lords Say-and-Seal and 
Brooke the year after. The present state of Connec- 
ticut is entirely within the limits of this territory, which 
was itself within the claim of the Dutch (§ 32), to protect 
which the Dutch built a fort on the Connecticut River in 
1633. Shortly after an English trading-post was founded 
further up the river, and called Windsor (1633). 



14 COLONIZATION. 

49. In 1635 some settlers from Boston settled at this 
place ; and the same year a settlement was made at Say 
brook at the mouth of the river. In 1636 more emigrants 
from the Massachusetts Bay Colony settled at Hartford, 
Windsor, and Wethersfield ; these called themselves the 
Connecticut Colony, and in 1644 this was increased by 
the addition of the Say brook Colony which was sold to 
them that year. The government of the Connecticut 
Colony was thoroughly democratic, all the governing 
officers being chosen by the people. 

50. In 1638 the colony of New Haven was founded by 
a number of settlers who came from England for the pur- 
pose. The government was democratic, but only church- 
members could vote or hold office. 

51. These two colonies continued separate until 1662, 
when a charter was granted to the Connecticut Colony 
making New Haven a part of it. This brought the 
entire region under one government. In 1687 Governor 
Andros (§36) attempted to get possession of the Con- 
necticut charter, but it was carried off and hidden until 
after his rule was over. 

52. There was but one Indian war of any importance 
in the history of Connecticut. In 1636 the Pequods, 
beginning to be troublesome, killed several people and 
attacked the settlements. A war resulted in which the 
Pequods, numbering nearly a thousand, were almost aU 
killed or made slaves. 

Ehode Island. 

53. It will be remembered that in the history of Mas- 
sachusetts (§ 42) Koger Williams was one of the people 
persecuted on account of not holding the same views as 
those around him in religious matters. In 1535 he was 
driven from the colony of Massachusetts Bay and^ after 



COLONIZATION. 15 

taking shelter with friendly Indians, he finally settled on 
the Paw tucket River in 1636, with a few comrades. The 
settlement he named Providence. 

54. Others who had also suffered for their beliefs soon 
after joined him, and presently Newport was settled 
(1639), on Rhode Island. 

55. Within a few years difficulties arose as to the pro- 
prietorsliip of this district; the Massachusetts Colony 
laying claim to it. Finally, in 1644, Roger Williams 
succeeded in obtaining a charter. Three years after a 
constitution was drawn up and a governor elected (1647). 
Fifteen years after this (1663) the king, Charles II., 
granted a new charter which was almost the same as the 
original one, and which for nearly 200 years continued 
to be the constitution of Rhode Island, though curiously 
enough, leading then to serious trouble (§ 249). Of 
course it must be remembered that this colony, like all 
the others in New England, was under the rule of Andros, 
while that tyrannical governor was in power. 

Maryland. 

56. In 1632 Lord Baltimore obtained a tract lying 
north of the Potomac River for the purpose of affording 
a refuge for Catholics, a sect which had suffered much 
from persecution in England. The charter gave the 
people the right to choose their own form of government 
and to make their own laws ; it was the first charter to 
allow that right, being a few years ahead, in time, of that 
granted to Rhode Island. St. Mary's was the first settle- 
ment (1634). Baltimore was not founded till 1730. 

57. In 1634 a body of settlers came out under their 
governor, Leonard Calvert, Lord Baltimore's younger 
brother, but they met with difficulties almost immediately. 
A person named Clayborne had obtained previously the 



16 COLONIZATION-. 

right to trade in this region, and at once began to make 
trouble. He was forced to go to Virginia. In 1644 he 
returned with assistance and compelled the governor to 
leave, but two years later was himself forced to withdraw. 
In 1652 he returned a'^.d compelled the then governor. 
Stone, to give up his position. 

58. In 1649 a law called the Toleration Act was passed 
by the colonial legislature. This provided that all who 
came to the colony should be permitted to enjoy their 
religious opinions unmolested; and great numbers of 
settlers immediately poured in from Virginia and Eng- 
land. Speedily difficulties began to arise between the 
different sects, and when Clayborne arrived he found a 
party only too ready to side with him. This disturbed 
condition of things lasted until 1660, when Lord Balti- 
more, with the king's consent, took the whole care of the 
colony into his own hands. 

59. The government remained in the family of Lord 
Baltimore till 1691, when a royal governor was appointed ; 
but in 1715 the grant was given to the fourth Lord Balti- 
more, and it continued under rule of the family until 
1776. 



Pennsylvania. 

60. The Quakers in England had, in common with all 
other sects not agreeing with the Church of England in 
belief, suffered much persecution. In 1681 William Penn, 
one of these, received from the king, Charles II., a grant 
of territory reaching without limit from the Delaware 
River westward, and in the following year obtained from 
the Duke of York that part of the duke's grant which 
forms the present State of Delaware. Penn's idea was to 
form a colony for the Quakers similar to that of Lord 
Baltimore for the Catholics. 



C0LONIZATI02S". 17 

61. He immediately sent out a body of emigrants (1681), 
who settled in Delaware (§64), and next year arrived 
himself, with others. In 1683 Philadelphia was founded. 
Settlements gradually increased; and all trouble with the 
Indians was averted by the purchase of the territory from 
them. 

62. In 1703 the Delaware counties separated from the 
others, though remaining under one governor, and became 
the colony of Delaware (see below). 

Delaware. 

63. About the year 1638 a settlement was made by the 
Swedes at Wilmington, which was followed up by the set- 
tlement of one or two more small posts in the same 
region. As this was in the territory claimed by the Dutch, 
Stuyvesant, governor of New Netherlands, proceeded 
against them in 1655 and took complete possession (§ 33). 

64. In 1664 all the Dutch territory fell into the hands 
of the English and was given to the Duke of York ; and 
of course this region being a portion of it also came 
under his control. In 1682 the Duke gave what is now 
Delaware to William Penn. In 1681 some of Penn's colo- 
nists had settled at New Castle near Wilmington (§ 61), 
and other settlements were made shortly after. 

65. These settlers, however, were not satisfied with the 
general government. They were not in sympathy with 
the Pennsylvania colonists, and wished to govern them- 
selves. So troublesome did they become that in 1703 
Penn allowed them to form a separate government ; but 
they continued to remain under Penn's governorship, and 
that of his heirs after his death. 

66. Pennsylvania and Delaware were the only two colo- 
nies which did not become royal provinces at some time. 
They remained under the control of the Penn family till 
the revolution. 



18 COLONIZATIOl^. 



New Jersey. 



67. In 1664 (§ 34) what is now New Jersey passed, with 
the rest of New Netherlands, into the hands of the Duke 
of York, and in the same year Elizabethtown was founded 
by the EngKsh. The Duke sold the tract to Sir George 
Carteret and Lord Berkeley, and the name New Jersey 
was given to it. 

68. The settlers were charged no rent for five years, and 
a rapid increase of settlements resulted. But when at the 
end of that time an endeavor was made to collect the 
rental then due, the colonists refused to pay it, and the 
governor, Philip Carteret, was driven from the colony, 
1670. Five years later, 1675, he again obtained control. 

69. In 1674 Lord Berkeley sold his right to two 
Quakers, and New Jersey was divided into East and West 
Jersey — Carteret retaining the eastern part, the Quakers 
holding the western. A straight line drawn through the 
northwestern corner of New Jersey in a southerly direc- 
tion and passing a little to the west of New Brunswick 
will give nearly the division line. 

70. Andros claimed to be governor of New Jersey, as 
well as of New York and New England, and took control 
of the colonies, throwing Governor Carteret into prison. 
But the Duke of York, in whose name Andros acted, 
settled the matter by resigning all claim to New Jersey, 
and the government went on as usual. 

71. Wilham Penn and others bought out Carteret's 
right in 1682, but did not succeed well in governing the 
settlers. As a result New Jersey passed under royal gov- 
ernment in 1702, being under the same rule as New York. 
In 1739 it again became separate, though under a royal 
governor, and continued so until 1776. 



COLONIZATION. 19 



IfoKTH AND South Oakolina. 

72. A large tract of land lying south of the London 
Company's grant was given to Lord Clarendon and others 
in 1663. They named it Carolina after the king.* Pre- 
viously several feeble attempts had been made to settle 
the region, but they proved failures. 

73. In 1664, a settlement having been made at the 
Chowan Eiver, the limits of the grant were extended 
north to the Virginia boundary, and the settlement was 
called the Albemarle Colony. 'Next year Wilmington was 
founded and took the name of Clarendon Colony. 

74. The Albemarle Colony was by far the most success- 
ful, but both were constantly in difficulty owing to bad 
rule. John Locke, an English philosopher, had proposed 
a system of government by which a few privileged per- 
sons were to govern the many. This did not work very 
well, and gave rise to much discontent. 

75. In 1670 a settlement was made on the Ashley Eiver, 
which ten years after moved down to the junction of that 
stream with the Cooper Eiver, where Charleston was 
founded, 1680. Many Huguenots arrived from France 
and settled near Charleston. Numbers of emigrants 
came also from Virginia and England. In 1706, during 
Queen Anne's war (§ 92), a French and Spanish fleet at- 
tempted to get possession of Charleston, but was driven 
off. 

76. Carolina had a hard struggle for existence. In 
addition to frequent troubles with the Spaniards of 
Florida, and quarrels of the landholders, the colonists 
were continually at war with the Indians. This furnished 
a convenient pretext to King George 11. to assume the 



* Carolus is the Latin for Charles, 



20 COLONIZATIOlf. 

government in 1729. Carolina, under royal government, 
was divided into two colonies. North and South Carolina, 
each under its own governor, and so remained until the 
Eevolution. 

Geokgia. 

77. King George IL, shortly after taking charge of the 
Carolinas, gave a large portion of South Carolina to one 
James Oglethorpe, 1732. This lay between the Savannah 
and Altamaha Rivers, and was called Georgia, after the 
king. Oglethorpe's idea was to afford a home for poor 
people. 

78. In 1733 he brought over a number of such persons 
and founded Savannah, which rapidly increased in size. 
It was not, however, a great success. 

79. In 1742 the Spaniards, who claimed Georgia as a 
part of Florida, made an attack on the colony; but the 
colonists, under Oglethorpe's leadership, were so active 
that the invaders were compelled to give up the attempt. 

80. The colonists had a hard life and became very 
much dissatisfied, claiming that they had been misled. 
So strong did the feeling become that the colony was 
made a royal province in 1752; the king making their 
dissensions and complaints the excuse for doing this. 



81. The story of the settlement of Georgia concludes 
the history of the colonization of the original thirteen 
English colonies which united against the mother country 
in 1776. The names of these colonies can readily be 
recollected by the fact that they included all the present 
states bordering on the Atlantic from New Hampshire to 
Georgia, inclusive, with Pennsylvania added. The first 
colony was founded in 1607, the last in 1733. 

82. Nearly every one of these colonies had been settled 



22 coLOiq^izATioiT. 

by people who were endeavoring to escape persecution of 
some sort. This is particularly noticeable in the history 
of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Maryland, 
the Carolinas and Georgia. Naturally the people looked 
with distrust on the home government, and the state of 
feeling among them from almost the first had been one of 
growing hostility to the mother country. This was 
greatly heightened by oppressive acts of Parliament — 
notably the Navigation Act (§ 29), and laws prohibiting 
various manufactures — and by the tyrannical conduct of 
many of the royal governors. 

83. The colonists were left almost to themselves in 
repelling Indian attacks and carrying on the inter-colonial 
wars (§ 90). In addition they were severely taxed to 
support the latter. They were fast losing all love and 
respect for the British government, and it is not strange 
that after the French and Indian war had shown them 
their own strength, they should have successfully united 
in a rebellion against the English government. 

84. The first step toward union was made in 1643. In 
that year all the New England colonies except Ehode 
Island united in a league for the purpose of defense 
against the Indians in their midst, the French on the 
north, and the Dutch on the southwest. No further 
effort of importance in this direction was taken until the 
second year of the French and Indian war (§98). 

85. Nearly every colony had been settled by emigrants 
sent out by the owners (proprietors) of the territory ; so 
long, therefore, as the proprietors continued to govern 
them they are said to have been uw&qv proprietary govern- 
ment. Occasionally we find that the people obtained 
rights to themselves from the king, allowing them to 
choose their own governing officers and sometimes to even 
make their own laws. The document granting such 
rights was called a Charter. In the case of Rhode Island 



COLOKIZATIOK. 23 

and Connecticut these charters were so liberal as to con- 
tinue to be the Constitutions of those states long after 
the Kevolution. 

86. We notice, however, that all the colonies except 
Pennsylvania and Ehode Island finally came under tlie 
direct control of the king {royal govern7nent). That is, 
all proprietary rights and charters were set aside, and a 
governor appointed by the king came out to rule the 
people. These royal governors were generally very dis- 
tasteful to the people, and did much to bring on trouble. 

Feei^ch Explokatioks. 

87. But while the English were busy taking possession 
of the land east of the Alleghanies and along the coast, 
the French had been very active elsewhere. The French 
settlements had been made mainly by missionaries — 
Catholic priests, who were endeavoring to Christianize 
the Indians. 

88. Their operations spread gradually southwest from 
Canada along the great lakes, until 1673, wiien Father 
Marquette and a companion named Joliet struck the 
upper Mississippi Eiver. This discovery was followed up 
by an explorer named La Salle, who sailed down the 
Mississippi, named the country near the lower end Louis- 
iana after Louis XIV., King of France (1682), and then 
returned to his native country. In 1686 he endeavored 
to found a colony in this region, but failed to reach the 
district, and was finally murdered by one of his men. 

89. The mission-stations increased greatly in numbers 
but did not grow very rapidly themselves, and the govern- 
ment followed up the work of the clergy by building 
many small forts from the St. Lawrence down to the 
mouth of the Mississippi. It was some of these which 
brought on the French and Indian War (§ 96). 



24 colonization". 

Intercolokial Wars. 

90. There had been three conflicts, however, previous to 
this war between the French and English colonies, which 
had all grown out of European wars ; war between the 
mother countries of course involving war between the 
colonies. These were, respectively : King William's War, 
Queen Anne's War, and King George's War. 

91. King William's War. — The reign of James II., who 
succeeded Charles II. (§ 36), was very unpopular, resulting 
finally in his being driven from the throne. He fled to 
France, and the French government taking up his cause, 
decL.red war against England, 1689. War between the 
French and English at once followed. It was fought 
chiefly in New York, New Hampshire, and Acadia. The 
French, aided by the Indians, burned Schenectady, N. Y., 
and destroyed many small settlements. The English 
captured Port Royal, Acadia, which was given back by 
the Treaty of Ryswick, which closed the war, in 1697. 

92. Queeji Amie's War. — Peace lasted but five years. 
In 1701 a war regarding the Spanish succession broke 
out in Europe, and, as one result, Queen Anne declared 
war against France in 1702. The war lasted eleven years. 
Again New Hampshire and Massachusetts sufiered, and 
again Port Royal was captured. The Treaty of Utrecht 
ended the war in 1713, this time giving Acadia to Great 
Britain. 

93. Xing George's War. — This was called in Europe 
the War of the Austrian Succession, because it arose out 
of a dispute as to who should ascend the Austrian throne, 
in 1744. Great Britain took one side and France became 
an ally of the other. Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island, 
was captured by the English in 1745, but was restored to 
France by the Treaty of A ix-la-CIiapelle, which ended the 
war in 1748. Louisburg became a very important point 
of attack in the French and Indicin War (§§ 105, 106). 



C0L0KIZATI02^. 25 

94. The result of these wars was to create intense 
hatred between the English and the French in America, 
and it needed but a little to bring on another war. All 
three were caused by wars in Europe, and the colonies 
were only drawn into them; but precisely the reverse was 
the case with the French and Indian war. It grew out 
of a question of ownersliip of territory, resulting from the 
conflict of claims previously mentioned (§ 15), and ended 
in the French losing everything; while the British ob- 
tained complete control of all east of the Mississippi, even 
Florida (see § 197 about Louisiana). 

95. The English settlements spread westward ; and 
presently, 1750, we find a body of traders in western 

• Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio. These were greatly 
interfered with by the French, who, following their usual 
system of defense (§ 89), built three forts in the region : 
Fort Presque Isle (now Erie) ; Fort Le Boeuf, south of 
Presque Isle ; and Fort Venango, still farther south. 

96. Now all three of these forts were in the territory, 
under the rule of the Virginia governor, who at once 
determined that something must be done to jirevent 
further advances. To that end he sent George Wash- 
ington, then twenty-one years old, to demand their 
surrender or their abandonment. This, St. Pierre, the 
commandant, very naturally refused. Then followed 

The Fkekch and In^dian War. 

Fort Dii Quesne built, March, 1754 ; BraddocK's defeat, 1735 ; MoncTcton's Aca- 
dian expedition, 1755 ; Osivego captured by the French., 1756 ; French destroy Fort 
William Henry, 1757 ; Fort Frontenac, Louishurg, and Fort Du Quesne captured 
by the English, 1758; Niagara, Crown Point, and Ticonderoga captured by the 
Ft) glish, 1153; Battle of Quebec, September IZ, 1'759 ; Montreal surrenders, 1760; 
Treaty of Paris, 1763. 

1754. — 97. The English company (called the Ohio Com- 
pany) which owned the tract were determined to keep pos- 
session of it. Accordingly men were sent to build a fort 

2 



26 COLOiq^IZATIOK. 

where Pittsburgh now stands. The French, however, 
interfered, built the fort themselves and called it Fort Du 
Quesne. Not knowing this, the Virginia government 
fitted out a regiment to occupy it. The commander of 
this having died, Washington was left in charge. On 
finding out what had happened he built a fortified camp 
which he called Fort Necessity about two days' journey 
south of Fort Du Quesne. The French and Indians 
attacked him here in such numbers that he was compelled 
to evacuate the fort. 

98. It was plain that a long war was at hand, and in 
the summer of this year (1754) a convention of delegates 
from seven colonies met at Albany. They discussed their 
resources, and adopted a plan of union, but it was not 
received with favor by the colonies. 

1755. — 99. The next year, 1755, the English govern- 
ment sent assistance to the colonies. General Braddock 
came out to take command. Three expeditions were 
planned; one against Fort Du Quesne, one against Fort 
Niagara, and the other against Crown Point. 

100. Braddock led the first, but was surprised and 
killed while near Fort Du Quesne, with many of his men. 
Washington led back the remnant of his force. 

101. The Niagara expedition was abandoned on the 
arrival of the news of Braddock's defeat. General John- 
ston, who commanded the Crown Point expedition, 
defeated the French in a battle on the shore of Lake 
George, and then built Fort William Henry near by ; but 
he failed to capture Crown Point. 

102. The same year a cruel expedition was fitted out 
from Boston under Moncton, which proceeded against 
the inhabitants of Acadia (§ 13). The French people 
were all driven into exile, on the plea that they were plot- 
ting to assist the French side. 

1756. — 103. Until this year the hostilities had been 



COLONIZATION. 



%^ 



confined to this country ; now, however, war was dechired 
and the dispute was carried into Europe. 

104. The plan of campaign in this country was the same 
as that of the year before, but ifc proved an utter failure. 
On the other hand, Montcalm, the French general now in 
command, captured Oswego with much military stores. 

1757.— 105. In 1757 the only point attacked by the 
English was Louisburg (§93). The expedition was com- 




FRENCH & INDIAN 
WAR 



manded by Lord Loudoun, who gave up the attempt on 
finding the fort too well garrisoned. Again, however, 
the French were successful — Montcalm destroying Fort 
William Henry (§ 101) after a week's siege. 

1758. — 106. This year more extensive preparations 
were made by the English. Lord Abercrombie took com- 
mand of an army of 50,000 men, more than half of whom 
were colonists. The points of attack were Ticonderoga, 
Louisburg, and Fort Du Quesne. 



28 COLONIZATIOIT. 

107. Lord Abercrombie himself attacked Ticonderoga, 
but failed after a sharp assault ; but a division of his 
army captured Fort Frontenac, near the outlet of Lake 
Ontario, with a fleet and much military stores. — Louis- 
burg was captured by General Amherst, aided by a fleet, 
in July. — The Du Quesne expedition, led by Forbes, 
proved nearly a failure, but the French abandoned the fort 
on the approach of Washington (who led the Virginia 
men), on hearing of the disaster at Fort Frontenac. 

^^759, — 108. Niagara, Crown Point, Ticonderoga, and 
Quebec were the points of attack this year. Niagara was 
taken by Johnson (the successor of the commander, Pri- 
deaux, who had died). The other two forts were evacu- 
ated when Amherst's forces appeared. 

109. General Wolfe led the attack against Quebec which 
was defended by Montcalm. After several attempts to 
reduce the defenses of the city, Wolfe finally scaled the 
cuff's above Quebec, and in the early morning of the 13th 
of September was prepared for battle. This resulted in 
a few hours in favor of the English, both generals being 
mortally wounded. On Sept. 17 the city surrendered. 

110. Next year, 1760, Montreal surrendered, and shortly 
after all the other mihtary stations in the Canaclas fol- 
lowed her example. Three years after, 1763, a treaty was 
concluded by which all the French possessions east of the 
Mississippi River were ceded to Great Britain ; all west of 
that river to Spain. 

SUMMARY, —French and Indian TFar.— The war was caused by disputes in 
regard to territory, thereby difleriiiir from the three previous intercolonial wars, 
which took their ri?e in Europe (§ 90V— During the first four years the English 
were unsuccessful, chiefly as a result of poor management.— The French acted 
almost entirely on the defensive, and during the last three years were gradually 
driven north by being forced to abandon Lonisburg and Forts Du Quesne. Ticon- 
deroga, Crown Point, and Niagara.— They made their last great stand at Quebec, 
where the decisive battle of the war was fouo:ht.— During the war the French 
were greatly assisted by the Indians; the English scarcely at all.— The treaty of 
1763 made Great Britain sole possessor of everything east of the Mississippi, 
even Florida, which, later, was given back to Spain. 

The war had been very expensive, and the British government, not being 
willing to accept the eftbrts made by the colonists as a suflicient contribution to 
this expense, proposed a system of taxation by which the colonies were to be 
forced to assist largely in reducing the debt. This attempt, the last of a long 
series of oppressions, brought on the Kevolution, 



QUESTIONS OK THE PRECEDING TEXT. 29 



QUESTIONS ON THE PRECEDING TEXT. 

The nurnbers 'before the questions refer to the section in which the answer may 
be found. 

8. Name the chief Spanish explorers, with dates.— 10. The French,— 11. The 
English.— 6. On what did the English base their claim ?— 7. What were the Span- 
ish headquarters ?— 8. Give the extent of each of the following : Acadia ; Canada ; 
Virginia ; New Spain ; New France ; New Holland (New Netherland).— 14. What 
was the French claim ? The English ? The Spanish ? The Dutch ?— 10. W^here 
else were the Spanish, and also the Portuguese, very active ?— Practice until you 
can draw roughly from memory the map on p. 5.-15. What did the confusion 
of claims lead to ? 

11. What was the first attempt to settle America by the English ?— 16. How was 
it followed up ?— 17. Who took up the idea ?— What did the king do ?— 19. W^at 
and when was the first successful attempt to plant au English colony ?— 20, 21. 
What was the character of the first settlers ?— 24. What first gave vigor to the 
colony ?— 25. What important event occurred in 1619?— 26. What in 1620?— How 
did this influence the history of the United States later?— What article was first 
cultivated at the same time ?— 28. W^hat changes took place in English politics ? 
—29. Give the provisions of the Navigation Act.— 31, 44. What occurred in Vir- 
ginia and Massachusetts 100 years before the Revolution ?— 32. What was the 
Dutch claim and how was it altcn-ed ?— 33. How did the Dutch protect their 
claim ?— 34. How did the English obtain possession ? Did the Dutch ever hold 
New York again ? 

37,41. W^hat two colonies comprised Massachusetts ? — 39,40. How came the 
Plymouth Colony to be formed ? — 41. The Massachusetts Bay Colony ?— 42. How 
did the Puritans treat other sects at first ?— 45. How came New Hampshire to be 
settled ?— 48. How was the government of New Hampshire associated with that of 
Massachusetts?— 48. How came Connecticut to be settled? — 49,50. How many 
colonies were there originally in Connecticut ?— How came they to be united ?— 
52. What Indian troubles had Connecticut ?— 53. Who settled Rhode Island, 
where, and when ?— 55. What is said of the Rhode Island charter ?— 56. Who 
founded Maryland ?— When, and where first settled ?— 57. Tell about Clayborne ? 
—56. What of tho Maryland charter ?— 60. What was Penn's grant ?— 61. When 
was Pennsylvania first settled and where?— 63. Who first settled Delaware ?— 64. 
How did Penn come to possess it?— 65. Mention the circumstances of its sepa- 
ration from Pennsylvnnia.— 66. What two colonies were never under royal gov- 
ernors ?— 67, 69, 71. Who were the various proprietors of New Jersey ?— 72. What 
was the Clarendon Grant ?— 73. What were the two colonies in Carolina ? — Where 
was each settled ?— 74. What of the government and success of the colonies ?— 
75. What of Charlestfm ?— What difficulty with the Spaniards ?— 15. Out of what 
did this arise?— 79. "What other colony did the Spaniards attack?— 77. What led 
to the founding of Georgia? 

Make out a table showing the name and date of the first settlement in each 
of the thirteen colonies.— 81. How many years did the period of colonization 
cover ?— 82. WTiat was the feeling with regard to the home government ? 82, 83. 
How was this heightened ?— What were the provisions of the Navigation Act 
and when was it passed ?— 84. What was the first etfort toward union ?— 85. What 
was a proprietary government ?— A charter government ?— Royal government? 
—What colonies were under proprietary government at some time ? All except 



30 QUESTIOIS-S OK THE PRECEDING TEXT. 

EJiode Island. — Vn^QT charter government? Virgima, Massachusetts., New 
Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Maryland.— QQ. Under royal government? 

87. Where were the English settlements ? — 88. Where had the French been 
active ?— 10. What was the first successful French colony, and when and by 
whom founded?— 88. What occurred in 1673?— How was this followed up? 
—What can you say of the after-history of the Territory of Louisiana (see § 197) ? 
—90. How many and what wars were there between the French and English 
colonies before the French and Indian war?— 91, 92, 93. When did each break 
out?— Whit was the cause of each?— Name the principal event of each.— What 
treaty terminated each, and when ?— 90, 94. How did these wars differ from the 
French and Indian war ?— 94. What was their effect ?— 95. What led to the French 
and Indian war ?— 10. On what did the French base their claim to the territory ? 
— G. On what did thy English found their claim ?— 6, 10. Tell what you can of the 
voyages of Verazani and the Cabots, with dates. 

Recite the chief events of the French and Indian war, with dates (p. 26).— 
Practice until you can draw from memory a rough map showing the chief points 
of importance in this war.— 97. How came Fort Du Quesne to be built ?— Give 
an account of the campaign of 1754.— 98. What was done at Albany ?— 84. What 
previous action leading to the union of some of the colonies had occurred in 
1743 ?_99-102. Give an account of the campaign of 1755.— 103, 104. Of 1756.— 105. 
Of 1757.-106, 107. Of 1758.-108, 109. Of 1759.-110. What occurred afterwards ? 
—What were the terms of the treaty and when was it signed ?— Recite the Sum- 
mary, word for word. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1775-1783. 31 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 

1775-1783. 

First tax-bill, 1764; Stamp- Act ^ 1765; Colonial Convention, 1765; Stamp- Act 
repealed, 1766; Neiv tax-bill, 1767; Gage ordered to Boston, 1768; Boston Massacre, 
1770 ; Boston Tea-Party , 1773 ; First Continental Congress, 1774. 

Causes. — ill. The history of the colonies to the 
beginning of the French and Indian War, gives abundance 
of evidence that the feeling among the people was any- 
thing but friendly toward .England. Allowed to strive 
almost unaided at first, as soon as they became important 
they were put one by one, under royal government. They 
were originally started with the idea of making money for 
those who planned them ; and that idea was kept contin- 
ually in view when the Government took them in charge. 
Everything that could prove profitable to them w^as 
stopped ; every means to make them profitable to Great 
Britain was adopted. We find that when their manufac- 
tures threatened to compete with those of England, laws 
were made forbidding them to manufacture certain arti- 
cles. They were put under royal governors — men who, 
in most cases, had no sympathy with them, and who 
frequently exercised a very tyrannical system of govern- 
ment. Even their commerce was seriously interfered 
with, as shown by the Navigation Act (§ 29), and by 
other measures of similar character. 

112. The colonists had grown more and more restive 
under all this, and when Parliament decided in 1764 to 
tax tbe colonies to defray the cost of the French and 
Indian War, the discontent of the people became plainly 
manifest. In that year a tariff w^as passed taxing a num- 
ber of articles imported into the colonies. 



32 THE AMERICAN- EEVOLUTIOIf, 1775-1783. 

113. Notwith standing the outcry of tlie people and the 
remonstrances of the newspapers, Parliament added paper 
and parchment to the list in the following year (17G5), 
and passed an act permitting the quartering of troops on 
private citizens in time of peace. As the new tax was to 
be collected by means of stamps, it was called the Stamp 
Act. 

114. The news of this caused an outburst of indi^na- 
tion. The legislature of Virginia passed resolutions 
strongly condemning England's conduct, and Massachu- 
setts issued a call for a convention to meet in New York 
in the fall (1765). 

115. This convention met in October (1765), passed a 
Declaration of Rights and Grievances, and memorialized 
the Government and Parliament; they then adjourned. 
Meanwhile bands of men called " Sons of Liberty " had 
organized in great numbers, and so effectually cowed the 
stamp agents that when the time came for the Act to go 
into effect no stamps were to be had. 

116. The merchants resolved, furthermore, not to im- 
port any more goods from England, and societies were 
formed among the people generally, pledged not to use 
articles or cloths of foreign manufacture. This had a 
speedy effect; for the English merchants, finding that it 
was greatly injuring them, induced Parliament to repeal 
the act, March 1766. 

117. The Government waited until they thought that 
the anger of the people had subsided, and then, in Jan- 
uary, 1767, passed another bill taxing all glass, lead, paper, 
tea, and painters' pigments, which should be imported 
into the colonies. At once the feeling of the people rose 
to the same pitch as previously; the same kind of demon- 
strations were made, and with the same result, so far as 
the collection of the tax was concerned. 

118. In 1768 the Government ordered General Gage 



THE AMERICAN- EEYOLUTIOl!^, 1775-1783. 33 

to Boston with a number of troops, believing that that 
city was most to blame for these active measures of resist- 
ance to the law, and perhaps fearing something yet more 
serious. Here, in 1770, in a quarrel between some of the 
citizens and a squad of soldiers, three of the former were 
killed and eight wounded. The indignation of the people 
was so aroused by this affair that Gage withdrew his forces 
to outside of the city. 

119. In 1773 the Government, finding their attempt to 
raise money from the colonies by taxation a failure, 
repealed all taxes save that on tea. This was taxed at 
threepence a pound, to maintain the right that they 
claimed to tax the colonies. But the colonists very 
properly argued that if the Government could tax their 
tea, they could tax anything else. For centuries no tax 
had been lawfully collected in England except by the 
consent of the people as represented in Parliament; the 
colonists were not allowed any representation in Parlia- 
ment, and until this was granted they were determined to 
pay no taxes whatsoever. 

120. The tea-tax was, therefore, like all the others, a 
failure. More than that ; in Boston the first tea-ship was 
boarded and all the tea thrown into the harbor ("Boston 
Tea Party," 1773). In other cities it was either detained 
from landing, or allowed to spoil. For what was done at 
Boston, the Government punished that city, closing it as 
a port, and removing the custom-house to Salem. Massa- 
chusetts was punished by making General Gage military 
governor, which put the whole colony under military law. 
Virginia appointed the date on which this bill became a 
law as a fast day, and the royal governor thereupon dis- 
solved the assembly. 

121. On May 5, 1774, a convention of delegates from 
twelve of the colonies met at Philadelphia. They repeated 
the work of the colonial congress of 1765, and adjourned 



34 THE AMEEICAl^ EEVOLUTION, 1775-1783. 

to meet the following May. This was known as the First 
Continental Congress. 

122. On both sides immediate preparations were made 
for war. The militia were called out and put under drill, 
and General Gage, in the fall, began to fortify Boston 
ISTeck. The fighting did not begin, however, until the 
next spring. 

SUMMARY Causes of Revolution.— The French and Indian War left 

Great Britain with a largely increased debt. — To pay it the Government pro- 
posed to tax the colonies.— This the colonies would not agree to, because not 
allowed a voice in the matter.— The first tax-bill was passed in 1761; ihe Stamp 
Act followed it in 1765. Both were repealed in 1766 owing to the determined resist- 
ance of the people.— 1767 a new tax-bill was passed taxing tea, paint, paper, 
lead, and glass ; repealed 1773 except so far as the tax on tea.— In 1768 General 
Gage was oi-dered to Boston ; in 1770 occurred the Boston Massacre, so called. — 
1774 Boston tea-party, and, as a result, the closing of the port of Boston and 
appointment of Gage' as military governor of Massachusetts.— May 5, 1774, First 
Continental Congress met at Philadelphia.— September, 1774, Gage fortified Bos- 
ton Neck, and both sides began to prepare for war. 



1775.— Battle of Lexington, ApHllQ; Second Continental Congress, MaylO\ 
Ticondewga and Croum Point captured. May 10-12; Washington appointed Com- 
mander-in- Chief, June 15; Battle of Bunker Hill, June 11 \ Montreal captured, 
Nov. 13; Battle of Quebec, Dec. 31. 

123. At Concord, near Boston, there had been gathered 
together a quantity of military stores. It was important 
that any such action should be headed oii, and General 
Gage resolved to destroy or capture them. Accordingly 
he sent troops there for that purpose. On their way, 
they met at Lexington a small number of " minute-men," * 
on whom they fired, killing seven and wounding others. 

124. At Concord the British accomplished their object, 
and then started to return, but were met by a continuous 
fire along the whole distance to Lexington. There they 
were reinforced and saved from destruction, but not until 
they had lost upwards of 300 men ; the loss of the Amer- 



* These were the militia, so called because ordered to be ready at a minute's 
notice. 



36 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1775-1783. 

icans was less than one-tliird of that number. This 
battle was fought on April 19, 1775, and is called the 
battle of Lexington, thoagh fought along the road be- 
tween Concord and Lexington. Its effect was to cause 
the patriots to flock in large numbers to the region around 
Boston ; these were enlisted on the militia roll, and soon 
a large, though undisciplined army was awaiting a leader. 

125. On the 10th of May the Second Continental Con- 
gress met at Philadelphia. They made a last appeal to 
the British government; and appointed George Washing- 
ton Commander-in-Chief, June 15. 

126. On May 10th Ticonderoga was captured by Bene- 
dict Arnold, and on the 12th Crown Point surrendered 
to Colonel Warner with all its stores. These two forts 
guarded the most direct road into Canada, and the oppor- 
tunity to invade the north, afforded by their surrender, 
was promptly acted on. An expedition was at once fitted 
out to attack Quebec. One branch under Montgomery 
and Schuyler was to advance directly by the road thus 
opened, and another under Arnold was to cut through 
Maine and join the former in Canada. 

127. The news of the Battle of Lexington had the 
effect of increasing Gage's forces as well as those of the 
patriots, for in the next month after the battle he received 
a large reinforcement from England. To keep him in 
Boston it was decided to fortify Bunker Hill on the road 
leading from Charlestown. Through mistake Breed's 
Hill was fortified, which the British, on June 17th, after 
three attacks, succeeded in capturing ; but their loss was 
more than 1000 men, while the Americans lost less than 
half as many. 

128. The Canada expedition proved a failure. Por,. 
though the first division captured St. John's and after- 
wards (Nov. 13) Montreal, the attack on Quebec by the 
combined forces of both divisions, resulted in the repulse 



THE AMERICAN" EEVOLUTIOK, 1775-1783. 37 

of the Americans, and the death of Montgomery, Decem- 
ber 31. After the attack, the troops lay near the city 
during the winter, suffering greatly, and in the early part 
of 1776 retreated into New York. 

SUMMA RY, 1775 .—The Americans had collected stores at Concord which 
Gan:e seut a force to des^troy.— This resulted in the Battle of Lexington, April 19, 
which caused the militia to gather around Eoston— Gage's army was al^o re- 
inforced.— The Americans endeavored to pen the British in Boston by fortifying 
Breed's Hill— Result: Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, British successful.-In the 
meantime Ticonderoga and Crown Point were captured by Arnold and Warner, 
May 10.— An espediti n against Quebec was planned as a result.— Montgomery 
captured Montreal, November 1-3, but the expedition failed to capture Quebec 
after a severe battle, December 31.— Second Continental Congress met May 10 ; 
they appointed Washington Commander-in-Chief, June 15, two days before the 
Battle of Lexington. 

1776. 

1776.— Burning of Norfolk, Jan. 1 ; British leave Boston, March ; Fort Moid- 
trie attacked, June 28 ; Declaration of Independence, July 4 ; Battle of Long Island, 
Aug. 27 ; Britisn, enter lYeiv York, Sept. 14 ; Battle of White Plains, Oct. 28 ; 
Capture of Forts Washington and Lee, Nov. 16 and 20 ; Washington'' s Eetreat, 
Nov. 20 to Dec. 25 ; Battle of Trenton, Dec. 25 ; Commissioners sent to France for 
aid., Bee. 

129. On January 1, Norfolk, Virginia, was burned by 
the governor. Lord Dunmore, who had been compelled to 
leave the colony the previous year. 

130. General Gage had been removed from the British 
command at Boston and Lord Howe had superseded him. 
On the other side, Washington, by the beginning of the 
year, had brought his large army of volunteers under tol- 
erably good discipline, and determined if possible to force 
the British out of the city. 

131. Accordingly, on March 4, he fortified Dorchester 
Heights, which completely commanded the town and 
harbor. Gates was about to attack him there, but bad 
weather interfered and gave Washington three days to 
strengthen the defenses. Howe, fearing to attack him, 
agreed to evacuate the city, which he did on March 17, 
and Washington marched in. Howe sailed for Halifax, 
but by June he had gone down to Staten Island in New 
York harbor. 



38 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1775-1783. 

132. Early in the year, Sir Henry Clinton, with a con- 
siderable British force, sailed to attack New York, but 
Washington had sent General Lee to defend the city, and 
Clinton, on discovering this, sailed for the south. Being 
reinforced by a fleet, he went still further south to attack 
Charleston. The militia there were ready for him, and 
had built a defense of Palmetto logs in the harbor, calling 
it Fort Moultrie. These works were so strong and so 
well managed that the British were forced to give up the 
attempt on the city. Clinton then came north and joined 
Howe. 

133. It was evident that the British were determined 
to capture New York. Washington, therefore, sent most 
of his army to Long Island, back of Brooklyn, and 
shortly after followed them to New York. On August 
27 the Americans were attacked by Howe and Clinton, 
who had come over from Staten Island, and were badly de- 
feated, losing about 2000 men. Washington, on hearing 
of the battle, crossed over from the city, and in the night 
hastily withdrew the troops to New York, much to the 
surprise of the British, who thought them completely 
entrapped. 

134. Washington took position at Harlem Heights, 
which he presently abandoned and went north, Howe 
following. At White Plains a battle was fought, October 
28, in which the British were successful. After going a 
little further Washington crossed the Hudson and stopped 
at Fort Lee. Fort Washington, opposite, was captured 
by the British on November 16, and Fort Lee was aban- 
doned on November 20. 

135. Washington then started for Philadelphia, taking 
very nearly the route across New Jersey of the present 
Pennsylvania Eailroad. He was closely pressed by Lord 
Cornwallis, but reached the Delaware, December 8, and 
crossed it, Cornwallis remaining on the east bank, 



THE AMERICAN" REVOLUTIOX, 1775-1783. 39 

136. On the night of December 25, Washington quietly 
crossed back to the Jersey bank and suddenly surprised 
and captured 1000 Hessian soldiers who had been enjoy- 
ing a Christmas feast at Trenton. This success was of 
very great importance, for it cheered the army and inspired 
the people with more confidence in Washington's ability. 

137. Oil July 4 of this year Congress passed the Decla- 
ration of Independence. On the other hand the British, 
through Lord Howe, made a strong endeavor to bring 
about peace ; but it was too late. The colonies had been 
twenty years in coming to war, and now they were deter- 
mined to be independent. The endeavor failed. 

138. At the same time that the Declaration was passed, 
steps were taken to bring the colonies under general rule. 
Though they were united against Great Britain, each one 
had its own distinct government, and Congress had scarcely 
any power except to advise. Unfortunately these efforts 
met with so many difficulties that it was not until the 
war was nearly finished that the endeavor succeeded 
(§ 183) ; meanwhile Congress was at great disadvantage. 

139. After passing the Declaration, Congress determined 
to appeal to France for aid, and to that end sent Benja- 
min Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee to the French 
court. France was not willing to involve herself in a war 
with England, and refused ; but the sting of the loss of 
her American possessions was still felt strongly, and a 
good deal of assistance was given secretly. 

SUMMARY;, 1T76.— In January Lord Howe sent Clinton to attack New- 
York.— Washington pent Lee to head him off, and Clinton sailed for the south to 
attack Charleston.— He failed in this, beini; repulsed at Fort Moultrie, June 28, 
and came north to Staten Island, wiiere he joined Howe.— March 17, Washington 
compelled Howe to evacuate Boston —Howe went to Halifax, but shortly after 
sailed to Staten Island to attack New York. — Washington's troops were sent to 
Long Island.— On August 27 the battle of Long Island was fought in which the 
Americans were badly defeated.— Washington withdrew his troops to New York, 
thence to White Plains, where he was defeated, and then crossed the Hudson.— 
He abandoned Fort Lee November 20, and Cornwallis pursued him across New 
Jersey to the Delaware— Washington crossed the Delaware December 8. but on 
Christmas night recrossed and surprised a body of Hessian soldiers at Trenton, 
capturing 1000.— Congress this year passed the Declaration of Independence and 
applied to France for aid. 



40 THE AMERlCAI>r ELVOLUTIOISr, 1775-1783. 



1777. 

1777. —Battle of Priticeton, Jan. 3 ; Tryon's marattding expedition, April; 
Battle of Chad's Ford, or Brandywine, Sept. 11 ; British enter Philadelphia. Sept. 
26 ; Battle of Germantown, Oct. 4 ; Surrender of Forts Mifflin and Mercer., 
Nov. 15 and n. — Iiurf/oi/ne's E.cpeditlon, July to Oct.: Ticonderoga cap- 
tured, July 5 ; Battle of Hubbardton, July 1 ; Fort Edward evacuated, July 29 ; 
Battle of Bennington, Aug. 16 ; Battles of Stillwater, Sept. 19 and Oct. 7 ; Bur- 
goyne's surrender., Oct. 17. 

140. After the battle of Trenton Washington remained 
on the Jersey side of the Delaware, in that city. Corn- 
walUs was at Princeton, about 20 miles northeast, and on 
January 2 marched to attack the Americans. Washing- 
ton, on January 3, moved quickly around the British, and 
getting into the rear defeated some British reinforcements 
at Princeton. He then went into winter quarters at 
Morristown, some miles north of Princeton. 

141. In June the British troops in New Jersey were 
marched to the coast, from where they sailed under 
Howe's command for the Chesapeake, in order to attack 
Philadelphia. Landing in Maryland, these forces moved 
north towards the city. 

142. Washington had in the meantime hurried around 
to defend Philadelphia. He met the British at Chad's 
Ford on the Brandywine Eiver, where a battle was fought 
at which the Americans were defeated and compelled to 
retreat, September 11. Philadelphia was entered Septem- 
ber 26. 

143. The largest portion of Howe's forces was at Ger- 
mantown, now a part of Philadelphia. On October 4 
Washington surprised them there, and though at first 
successful, was defeated with a severe loss. 

144. The British held Philadelphia A^ery insecurely. 
Communication with New York through New Jersey 
was not easy, for almost all the British forces had been 
withdrawn from between, and the Delaware was closed 
by two forts below the city, Mifflin and Mercer. The 



THE AMEBIC AN EEVOLUTIOi^, 1775-1783. 41 

former was captured by the British on November 15, and 
Eort Mercer on the 17th. 

Burgoyiie's Expedition.— 145. The British head- 
quarters were at New York. About the middle of the 
summer a British expedition started from Canada to open 
a line of communication from the north to that city. 
This, if successful, would cut the colonies in two parts 
and greatly hamper the operations of the American army. 
General Burgoyne was placed in charge, and in the latter 
part of June started from Quebec with about 9000 troops. 
He took Fort Ticonderoga, commanded by St. Clair, on 
July 2, and, following the garrison, defeated it at Hub- 
bardton, Vermont, five days after. 

146. At Fort Edward, on the Hudson, there was a large 
but untrained force of men under Schuyler, and to this 
point St. Clair's force retreated. Schuyler at once de- 
stroyed as far as possible all means of communication 
between Skenesboro (or Whitehall) and Fort Edward, 
so delaying Burgoyne that it took him a fortnight to 
reach the fort, a distance of only about thirty miles. 
In the meantime Schuyler had been making every exer- 
tion to gather the militia from the country around, and 
upwards of 19,000 men had been collected. Fort Edward 
was abandoned to the British on July 29, and Schuyler 
marched his army south to Stillwater, on the Hudson. 
Burgoyne shortly moved his troops to Saratoga. 

147. On August 3, a mixed force of British and Indians, 
under St. Leger, besieged Fort Schuyler, on the Mohawk 
(now Eome). General Herkimer, while hurrying to its 
assistance, was surprised and himself killed. On the 
approach of Arnold, St. Leger withdrew to Canada. 

148. Congress, being dissatisfied with the work of 
Schuyler, removed him and placed Gates in command. 
On September 19 Burgoyne attacked him at Bemis 
Heights, near Stillwater, and though the Americans were 



42 AMERICAN REYOLUTIOI^, 1775-1783. 

unsuccessful, the victory was of no importance to the 
British. On October 7 he again attacked the Americans 
but was defeated. AYhile this was occurring CUnton had 
been coming north, and had captured Forts Chnton and 
Montgomery, October 6 ; but Burgoyne, not having posi- 
tive knowledge of this, and being without provisions, sur- 
rendered his whole army, with all its equipments, to Gen- 
eral Gates, October 17, 1777. 

149. The efforts of the American commissioners in 
France (§ 139) began to make themselves plainly felt this 
year. Although the French government had refused 
aid, many private persons sent money and supplies to the 
colonies, and some even came themselves to assist. Among 
the latter may be mentioned the Marquis de Lafayette 
and Baron Steuben. 

SUMMARY, ITTT.— The campaign divides itself into two parts: 1st. 
The British operations against Philadelphia ; and 2d. Burgoyne's expedition. — 
(1) Cornwallis moved from Princeton to attack Washington at Trenton, but the 
latter slipped away, and getting behind Cornwallis defeated a British force at 
Princeton, January 3.— Most of the British troops were withdrawn from New 
Jersey and taken to the Chesapeake to attack Philadelphia.— Washington moved 
south to oppose this, and the battle of Chad's Ford, on the Brandywine, was 
fought in defense of the city, the Americans being defeated, September 11.— The 
British entered Philadelphia fifteen days after, but most of the troops were sta- 
tioned at Germantown. Here Washington attacked them, but was defeated, 
October 4.— To open communication the British attacked and captured Forts 
Mifflin and Mercer, on the Delaware, November 15 and 17.— (2) Burgoyne, with 
an army of 9003 men, entered New York by way of Lake Champlain.— He cap- 
tured Ticonderoga, July 2, defeated the retreating garrison ar Hubbardtnn, 
July 7, and then proceeded against Fort Edward.— This was abandoned on his 
approach, July 29, and Schuyler, the commandant, moved to Siillwater. — A 
branch British exi)edition besieged Fort Schuyler, but withdrew upon Arnold's 
approach. — Gates superseded Schuyler and was attacked by the British, Sept. 19, 
near Stillwater, where an indecisive battle was fought.— On Oct. 7 another was 
fought and the British defeated.— Finally Burgoyne surrendered on Oct. 17. 

1778. 

1778 Treaty of Alliance with France, Feb.; British leave Philadelphia, 

June IS; Battle of Monmouth, June 2S \ Massacres of Wyoming and Cherry Val- 
leys, July and Nov. ; Defeat of Sullivan in Rhode Island, Aug. 29 ; British take 
Savannah, Dec. 29. 

150. During the winter of 1777-1778 the American 
army was in winter-quarters at Valley Forge, Pennsyl- 
vania. The condition of most was one of great suffering, 
for supplies frequently ran short, many of the men were 



THE AMERICAI^ REVOLUTION-, 1775-1783. 43 

destitute of shoes, and miicli of their clothing was in 
rags; still, however, they were firm in their patriotism 
and only waited for the winter to end to fight as hero- 
ically as ever. In the meantime Burgoyne's surrender 
produced a powerful effect in Great Britain, which resulted 
in proposals of peace in the spring of 1778; but as these 
terms would not acknowledge the independence of the 
colonies they were not heeded by the Congress.* 

151. Philadelphia had proved of little value to the 
British ; it was too remote from the coast and not a good 
center of operations. Accordingly, on June 18, the 
British, under the command of Clinton, who had super- 
seded Lord Howe, moved to New York. 

152. This was largely owing to the fact that a French 
fleet was expected in April, which would close the Dela- 
ware ; for in February a Treaty of Alliance was concluded 
with France, by which the latter agreed to assist the 
Americans, and the Americans also to assist France in the 
event of any war. A treaty of commerce was also signed. 
The former treaty was another result of the surrender of 
Burgoyne, and caused some trouble twenty years later 
(§ 191) in this country. The French fleet was under 
Count D'Estaing. 

153. On leaving Philadelphia, Clinton's forces marched 
across New Jersey followed by Washington's troops. On 
June 28 the battle of Monmouth was fought. It was 
indecisive, and after it Clinton was not interfered with. 

154. The French fleet arrived in July, and an expedi- 
tion was arranged to attack the British forces under 
Pigot, in Ehode Island, General Sullivan to lead the land 
division and the French fleet to attack by water. A 
storm compelled the fleet to withdraw to Boston for 
repairs. Sullivan, finding no fleet to assist him, moved 

* During the British occupation of Philadelphia, the Continental Congress met 
at York, Pa. 



44 THE AMERICAN EEVOLUTIOiT, 1775-1783. 

away from Newport, which he had menaced, pursued by 
Pigot, who attacked him at Quaker Hill, Aug. 29. The 
British were repulsed, and Sullivan left the island. 

155. This expedition caused Clinton to hasten to that 
section of the country, and he reached Newport two days 
after the battle. He at once made the city the center of 
pillaging expeditions into the country along Long Island 
Sound and the Atlantic. 

156. In July, Wj^oming Valley, Pennsylvania, was the 
scene of a terrible massacre by a combined force of British 
and Indians. They left it almost depopulated. In No- 
vember, Cherry Valley, New York, suffered in the same 
way. (See § 163.) 

157. On December 29, Savannah, Ga., surrendered to a 
British force under Campbell, who was sent from New 
York. 

SUMMARY, 1778.— This year, 1778, was marked hy two great events: 
Ipt. The offers of peace from Great Britain, which were rejected ; and 2d. The 
Treaty of Alliance with France. — Both resuUed from the surrender of Burgoyne 
the year hefore.— The British did not plan any special campaign this year.— On 
June 18, Philadelphia was evacuated on account of the expected arrival of the 
French fleet in the Delaware.— Washington pursued the British and the battle of 
Monmouth was fought, June 28. — The French fleet arrived in July and an expe- 
dition was planned against General Pigot in Rhode Island ; Sullivan was to act 
with the fleet. A storm interfered and Sullivan withdrew, after fighting the 
battle of Quaker Hill, Aug. 29. — In July the massacre at Wj^ominsr, Pa., occurred, 
and in November that at Cherry Valley, N. Y.— The British then turned their 
attention to the south, and on Dec. 29, Savannah, Ga., surrendered to Campbell. 
—After this the chief events occurred in the south. 



1779. 

1779.— Capture of S^mbiiry, Ga., Jan. 9; Battle of Brier Creek, March 3; 
Invasion of Virginia, May; Battle of Stono Ferry, June 'iO\ Stony Point and 
Yerplancli's Point captured, June 15 and 17 ; Destrvction of ArneHcan vessels in 
Maine, Aug. 13 ; Indians defeated at Chemung, Aug. 29 ; Paid Jones'' s victory, Sept. 
23 ; Amencans repulsed at Savannah, Sept. 22 ; Tryon''s expedition. 

158. The poor success of the British in the north de- 
termined them to direct their attention to the south ; the 
capture of Savannah (§ 157) had been the first of a series 
of movements. This was followed, on Jan. 9, by the 
capture of Sunbury in the same state, and by several 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION", 1775-1783. 45 

other actions, the most important of which was the battle 
of Brier Creek, March 3, in which the Americans were 
defeated. 

159. The British general, Prevost, then moved on 
Charleston, and the battle of Stono Ferry was fought in 
its defense, June 20. The American general, Lincoln, was 
defeated, but the result was not favorable to the British, 
for they were comj^elled to withdraw. 

160. In the north but little was done. Clinton, on 
June 15 and 17, captured Forts Stony Point and Ver- 
planck's Point on the Hudson, and the former was recap- 
tured by General Wayne on July 15, but was again taken 
by the British. 

161. A body of British had been stationed on the 
Penobscot Eiver, Maine. An expedition of 1500 men was 
sent in a small fleet to attack them, but a British fleet 
attacked this in the river and destroyed it. The expedi- 
tion was therefore a failure. 

162. Clinton, after returning from Ehode Island to 
New York, continued to send out marauding expeditions 
similar to those of the previous year (§ 155). General 
Tryon led the most successful of these into Connecticut, 
where New Haven was plundered and Norwalk and Fair- 
field burned. 

163. After the massacres of Wyoming and Cherry Val- 
ley in 1778 (§ 156) the Indians had become almost 
unbearable in central New York, and General Sullivan 
marched against them. At Elmira they and their British 
allies were attacked and completely defeated, after which 
Sullivan burned their settlements and destroyed their 
crops. 

164. Later in the year an endeavor was made by the 
American forces in the south to retake Savannah. Lin- 
coln was assisted in this attempt by Count D'Estaing with 
a French fleet. The attack was unsuccessful. 



46 THE AMERICAK RETOLUTION", 1775-1783. 

165. In September, Paul Jones, in command of a fleet 
of five vessels, being near the coast of England, attacked 
and captured the British vessel Serapis, and another vessel. 
The battle was a very severe one, and brought Jones much 
honor, and, among other testimonials, a gold medal from 
the Congress. 

166. Thus far there had been no regularly organized 
American army in the south, and had the British been a 
little more active they might have obtained a better foot- 
hold this year. As it was, they were afraid to leave the 
immediate vicinity of the coast, for nearly all their sup- 
plies were obtained from Great Britain. This embarrassed 
them still more in the following year. 

SU3IMARY, 17 79.— This year the seat of war was chanojed to the south 
and remained there till the end of the war.— On Jan. 9, Sunbury, Ga., was cap- 
tured, and shortly Georgia was overrun with British. — Prevost, in command of 
the British, moved on Charleston, but abandoned the attack, and shortly de- 
feated Lincoln, who opposed him, at Stono Ferry, June 20.— In Sejitember,' Lin- 
coln, assisted by Count D'Estaing's fleet, endeavored to retake Savannah, but 
was repulsed. Though the chief events occurred in the south there was still 
more or less warfare in the north. — An expedition against a British force on the 
Penobscot failed, and the American fleet was destroyed.— Clinton sent Tryon 
into (Jonn., who burned Norwalk and Fairfield, and sacked Nev/ Haven. — In cen- 
tral New York the Indians were seveiely punished for the massacres of Wyoming 
and Cherry Valley in 1778, at the battle of Chemung (Elmira), Aug. 29, by General 
Sullivan.— At sea Paul Jones attacked and captured two British vessels, Sept. 23. 



1780. 

1780.— Surrender of Charleston., May 12 ; Battle of Hanging Sock, Aug. 6-, 
Battle of Sanders'' Creek, Aug. 16 ; Battle of King's Mountain, Oct. 7 ; Arnold's 
Treason, 



167. The American army were in winter-quarters at 
Morristown, where their sufferings were, if possible, worse 
than at Valley Forge the previous year. At one time 
a considerable force was on the point of mutiny. Eobert 
Morris of Philadelphia, a wealthy merchant, sent a large 
amount of supplies at this critical period, and Congress 
and Washington finally succeeded in quelling the dis- 
turbance. 

168. Though the south was the chief scene of fighting. 



THE AMERICAN KEVOLUTIOX, 1775-1783. 47 

the chief event — Arnold's Treason — occurred at the north. 
Arnold, while recovering from a severe wound he received 
at Quebec in 1775 (§ 129) was stationed at Philadelphia, 
where he married, lived extravagantly, and made himself 
generally dishked. He w^as charged with dishonesty, and 
upon trial, w^as sentenced to be reprimanded by Washing- 
ton. His previous brilliant record obtained for him the 
command of West Point, which he agreed to surrender to 
Chnton. The British agent, Andre, was captured after 
the arrangements were made, but succeeded in informing 
Arnold of what had occurred. The latter at once fled to 
New York, but Andre was executed as a spy. This was 
in September. 

169. In July a French fleet with a large force of men 
arrived, but unfortunately it was shut up in Narragansett 
Bay, Ehode Island, by a British fleet, and w^as thus ren- 
dered useless. 

170. In the south, Clinton, who had gone down from 
New York, attacked and captured Charleston, S. C, May 
12, after nearly six weeks' siege. He then sent out troops 
in various directions to overrun the country. In this he 
was so successful that by June he was able' to return 
north, leaving Cornwallis in command. This was the 
great mistake of the v/ar on the j)art of the British, for 
it indirectly led to the surrender of Cornwallis at York- 
town in the next year. (§§ 171, 176, 177, 178.) 

171. There were many sympathizers with the British in 
South Carolina and Georgia, and it was partly owing to 
their inaction that the British were so successful. On 
the other hand there was a large body of men banded 
together under different leaders, such as Marion, Lee, and 
Sumter, who constantly annoyed the British. At Hang- 
ing Eock a considerable force of British was defeated by 
Sumter on Aug. 16, but he was himself surprised on 
the 18th and his force destroyed. Congress, meanwhile. 



48 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIOJS", 1775-1783. 

had arranged for the formation of an army in the south 
and sent Gates, who had reaped the reward of Schuyler's 
exertions in 1777, to raise one. This he did, but was 
attacked and utterly defeated by Cornwallis at Sanders' 
Creek, Aug. 6. After vainly endeavoring to form another 
army Greene took his place. It was this commander who 
unwittingly drew Cornwallis into the trap which next 
year ended the war. 

172. In October Cornwallis sent a force into North 
Carolina, but this w^as met and defeated at King's Moun- 
tain, Oct. 7, and Cornwalhs, who had followed, at once 
returned into South Carolina, where he remained until 
the next year. 

SUMMARY, 1780 South: Clinton sailed south, captured Charleston 

May 12, overran South Carolina, and leaving Cornwallis in command returned to 
New York.— Congress appointed Gates- to raise an army in the south.— This was 
no sooner done than the forces were attacked by Cornwallis and defeated, Aug. 6, 
at Camden, S. C. (Sanders' Creek).— On Aug. 16 Sumter defeated a force of 
British at Hangiug Rock, hut two days after \vart attacked and his force utterly 
destroyed.— On Oct. 7 a detachment of Cornwallis's troops was defeated at 
King's' Mountain. -iVor^A.' In May a portion of the American army at Morris- 
town, being ui:able to endure their suffering, mutinied, but being aided by Rob- 
ert Morris, and appealed to by Washington, came again undei- authority.— In 
July a French fleet arrived, but was blockaded in Narraganselt Bay by a Lritish 
fleet and rendered useless.— In September, Arnold, who had fallen into disgrace, 
off'ered to surrender West Point to the British, but the plot failed, though he 
escaped. 



1781. 

1781.— Mutiny of Pennsylvania troops, Jan. 1 ; Virginia plundered by Ar- 
nold; Richmond burned, Jan. 5 ; Greene's retreat, Jan. and Feb. ; Battle of Guil- 
ford C. H., March 15; Battle of Eutaw Springs, Sept. 8; Surrender of Corn^ 
waUis, Oct. 19. 

173. The war this year, with very slight exception, was 
wholly confined to the south. In Georgia, Augusta was 
captured from the British by Lee and Pickens on June 5, 
and in South Carolina tlie patriots made such good use 
of their men as to compel the British to abandon nearly 
every point held by them. 

174. In January, Arnold, who now held a command 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1775-1783. 49 

in the British service, entered Virginia on a plundering 
expedition, and on the 5th burned Eichmond. 

175. Tarleton was ordered by Cornwallis to attack Mor- 
gan, who was near the northern boundary of South Caro- 
lina. A battle was fought at the Cowpens, Jan. 17, in 
which the British were badly defeated. 

176. Cornwallis at once went in pursuit of Morgan, 
who was endeavoring to reach Virginia. The weather 
greatly favored the Americans, for, three times when they 
had reached a river and crossed, it became swollen with 
the rains and greatly interfered with the crossing of the 
British. At the Yadkin Greene joined him and con- 
ducted the retreat. At last the Dan Eiver in Virginia 
was reached, where the pursuit was given up. 

177. As Cornwallis was returning, Greene followed him, 
aud was attacked, on ]\Iarch 15, at Guilford C. H., N. C, 
where the British were successful. Greene then went 
back into South Carolina, where he attacked the British 
troops under Lord Eawdon at Hobkirk Hill, but was 
defeated, April 24. At Eutaw Springs Greene again 
attacked the same forces, now under General Stewart, 
but was again defeated, Sept. 8. After the battle the 
British retreated to Charleston. 

178. After the battle of Guilford C. H., Cornwallis 
went to Wilmington, N. C, from which place he marched 
north to Virginia. Here he was joined by other forces, 
and then went to Yorktown, where he strongly fortified 
himself. 

179. A scheme was at once arranged to have the French 
and American forces attack the British by land while the 
French fleet should close the Chesapeake. Washington, 
while pretending to attack New York, succeeded in get- 
ting his army well on the way south, and then by a series 
of forced marches hurried to join the French troops 
before Yorktown. The plan succeeded admirably. The 

3 



50 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION", 1775-1783. 

siege was begun on the 28th of September, and exactly 
three weeks after, Oornwallis was forced to surrender his 
whole army to the attacking forces. 

180. During the winter of 1780-81 the American army 
was again at Morristown, where the suffering of the pre- 
vious winter was repeated. Kobert Morris again came to 
the aid of the troops, but in spite of every exertion, the 
distress was very great, and on Jan. 1, 1780, the Pennsyl- 
vania troops openly mutinied and set out on a march to 
Philadelphia to obtain aid from Congress. They were 
met at Trenton and persuaded to return to duty. 

SUMMARY, 1781.— The campa1,^n entirely in the south this year. — Ar- 
nold entered Virginia on a plunderin<r expedition and burned Richmond, Jan. 5. 
— The Pennsylvania soldiers, unable to endure further sutiering, mutinied, Jan. 1, 
marched to get help from Congress, but were finally pacified— Cornwallis, still 
in charge in S. C. (§ 170), sent Tarleton to attack Morgan.— Morgan defeated him 
at the battle of the Cowpens, Jan. 17. — Cornwallis pursued Morgan, who was 
shortly joined by Greene, who took command. Greene retreated across N. C. 
into Va., where the pursuit ended— Cornwallis started to return, followed by 
Greene, whom he attacked at Guilford C. 11., March 15. — Greene was defeated 
and went south to S. C. where he attacked Rawdon at Hobkirk's Hill, but was 
defeated again, April 24.— Cornwallis went to Wilmington, and thence to York- 
town, Va.— Washington and the French forces attacked him here, while the 
French fleet closed the harbor. Cornwallis surrendered his army Oct. 19, 1781. 



The Government under the Articles of Con- 
federation, 1781-1789. 

The Articles accepted, 1781 ; Treaty of Peace, Sept. 3, 1783 ; Sha7fs Rebellion, 
1786 ; Constitutional Convention meets. May 1787 ; Constitution submitted to the 
states, Sept. 1787 ; Constitution goes into operation, 1789. 

181. The surrender of Cornwallis virtually terminated 
the war, but it was not until more than a year later that 
arrangements were made for peace, and nearly another 
before the final treaty of peace was signed at Paris, Sept. 
3, 1783. By it all the territory east of the Mississippi and 
south of Canada, except Florida, was granted independ- 
ence. (See map, p. 126.) 

182. The war left the colonies free, but in a deplorable 
state as to finances and government. During the struggle 
large amounts of paper-money had been issued by Con- 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIOK, 1775-1783. 51 

gress, and this had become so lowered in value that 
towards the end of the war $100 in bills were worth not 
more than $2.50. These had been counterfeited in large 
numbers, which was one cause of their depreciation (§ 183). 
During the last four years of the war, the soldiers had 
been paid almost entirely in these notes, which greatly 
helped to render the men discontented. ^Ye have seen 
how they suffered at Valley Forge and Morristown, and 
how (§§ 167, 180) their sufferings in 1780 and 1781 gave 
rise to open mutiny. 

183. In the year 1777 the Congress * adopted a Constitu- 
tion (called Articles of Confederation), which was offered 
at once to the colonies for ratification. Unfortunately 
there were so many objections raised that it was not until 
about the close of the war that it w^ent into effect, — 1781. 
JSTow until these Articles were adopted the Congress had 
no power of any account; it could not raise money by 
taxes ; it could not compel the colonies to do anything ; 
it could scarcely more than advise. It, therefore, could 
not guarantee the payment of its paper-money, which 
was the chief reason why this currency became so depre- 
ciated. 

184. The Articles did not improve matters to any great 
extent ; they granted the Congress so little power that it 
existed as a government scarcely more than in name. 
The national debt was very heavy, but Congress could 
take no steps to pay it. The States, for such they had 
now become, paid little or no attention to its appeals, and 
an attempt to levy a tax in New England led to open 
rebellion under the leadership of one Daniel Shay (1786). 
This was quelled by military force. 

185. Accordingly, in 1787, a Constitutional Convention 
met in Philadelphia, for the purpose of improving matters. 

* A committee had been ordered to draw up these Articles the year before ; 
see §138. 



6^ THE AMERICAK REVOLUTION, 1775-1783. 

As a result of their work they presented in the fall a new 
Constitution, which, by the end of 1789, was ratified by 
three-fourths of the states and became the Federal law. 
Khode Island and North Carolina at first refused to accept 
it, but before another year both had assented, and all the 
states had come under a strong government. 



186. From the history of the Eevolution we gather, 
1st. That at the beginning the colonies had little idea of 
becoming independent; 3d. That the struggle began in a 
protest against abuses of government, and ended in inde- 
pendence ; 3cl. That it is a question whether, without for- 
eign assistance, the colonies would have been successful; 
for the French Alliance (§ 152) helped on a serious war 
between Great Britain and France which prevented the 
former from giving entire attention to the colonies, while 
at the same time it afforded them help ; 4th. That the 
contest left the colonies independent, it is true, but with- 
out any stable form of government; they were almost 
bankrupt, were divided among themselves, and were in 
danger from a large army clamorous for its pay. To 
remedy this state of things the present Constitution was 
adopted in 1789. 

SUMMARY, 1781-1789 .—The war left the colonies Independent States, 
but almost as independent of one another as of Great Britain. — Articles of Con- 
federation accepted in 1781. — They did not form a strong enoufi:h government. — 
In 1786 Shay's Rebellion broke out in Massachusetts, in resistance to the govern- 
ment tax, reqviiring force of arms to subdue it.— A convention to frame a stronger 
plan of government met in Phila. in 1787, and the same vear drew up the present 
Constitution.— This was accepted by eleven states by the end of 1788, and went 
into operation the next year, 1789. 



QUESTIONS OX THE KEVOLUTIOK. 53 



QUESTIONS ON THE REVOLUTION. 

Recite the list of events, p. 129.— 111. What causes had been at work to make 
the people dissatisfied with English rule ?— What had been the idea in founding 
the colonies ? — How was this idea carried out?— 29. Give the provisions of the 
Navigation Act.— 112. What was the last great cause of the Revolunon ? (See 
also, Summary of F. and I. TFar, p. 129.)— 112, 113. What two tax-bills were 
first passed, and when "?— 114 How was this received ?— 115. What action was 
taken by the colonies ? — 116. What action was taken by the people ? — With 
what eftect? — 116. What new tax-bill was passed, and when ? —With what 
effect?— lis. What of Gen. Gage ? —What did this lead to, and when?— 119. 
What change was made in the law taxing the colonies in 1773, and why?— 
Why was the law still resisted by the colonies ?— 120. How was it resisted in 
Boston and elsewhere ?— How was Boston punished ? — Tell about the First Con- 
tinental Congress ?— 112, 113, 117. How many tax-bills had there been?— How 
many years after the Treaty of Paris \\W) was the first tax-bill passed (112) ?— 
How long had most of these causes been at work ? For many years ; the Navi- 
gation Act for more than a century.— Hecite the Summary, p. 32, word for word. 

Recite the events of 1775 (p. 32).— 123, 124. Tell what you can of the battle of 
Lexington.— 124. What was its effect on the Americans ?— 127. On the British? 
— 125. When did the Second Continental Congress meet, and where ?— 121. When 
and where had the First met?— 126. What important captures were made the 
same day ?— What expedition was planned as a result ?— 128. Tell what you can 
of it.— 127. Tell what you can of the battle of Bunker Hill and what led to it.— 
Recite the Summary, p. 35, word for word. 

Recite the events of 1773.— 130, What change was made in the British army? 
— 131. How was Howe compelled to leave Boston ?— Where did he go ?— 132. 
Describe Clinton's movements.— 133. Where had Washington's troops moved 
to ?— WTiat battle was fought Aug. 27, and what followed ?— 134, 135. Describe 
Washington's movements until he reached Philad' Iphia.— 136. Tell about the 
battle of Trenton.— What was its effect ?— Give briefly Washington's movements 
daring the year. (See Summary.)— IS". What measure did Congress pass this 
year?— T\'Taat efforts were made to secure peace, and why unsuccessful ?— 138. 
What endeavor by the Congress to secure union ? — Give the after-history of this 
endeavor.— 139. What endeavor to secure assistance ?— What success did this 
meet with ?— What city was thenceforth the British headquarters ? JVew York.— 
What battles this year were British victories ?— Which were American victories ? 
— Who were the most prominent British generals this year? — The most promi- 
nent American generals ?— Where was Washington's army at the close of the 
year?— Recite the Summary, pp. 37, 38, word for word. 

Recite the events of 1777.-140. Where were the two armies in Jan. ?— Tell 
what you can of the battle of Princeton.— 141. What city was it the great aim 
of the British to capture ?— What movements to this end were made by the 
British ?— 142. How were they opposed, and with what success ?— 143. What 
occurred at Germantown ?— 144. How did the British strengthen their hold on 
Phila. ?— 145. Besides thie plan to capture Philadelphia what other expedition 
was planned?— What was its object?— Give Burgoyne's first movements ?— 146. 
Who had command of the Americans ?— How did Schuyler oppose Burgoyne ?— 
Mention in order, and point out on the map, the places successively captured by 
Burgoyne.— 147. What of St. Leger's expedition ?— 148. What change was made 
in the American command ?— 146. Describe the events which took place around 
Saratoga, ending in Burgoyne's surrender.- How was the cause of the states 



54 QUESTIONS ON THE KEVOLUTION. 

aided this year?— Recite the Summary^ p. 42, word for word.— Be able to poiut 
out on the map every place inentioued in the account of ITTT. 

Recite the events of 1778. — 150. Where were the American quarters in 1777-8? 
—What was the condition of the troops ?— What was done to aid them ?— 151. 
Where did the British move, and why ?— 151. What important treaty was signed 
in Feb. ?— What aid was at once furnished ?— 152. What battle resulted from the 
evacuation of Philadelphia ?— 154. What was occurring in Rhode Island ?— 155. 
What two massacres occurred this year ?— Recite the Summary of 1778 word for 
word. 

Recite the events of 1779.— 158. To where did the seat of war now chan:;e ? 
— 159. What city was attacked, and with what result?— 16. What occurred ou 
the Hudscm ? — 181. In Maine ? — 182. Around Long Island Sound ?- 163. IIow 
v.-ere the Indians punished?— 184. What attempt was made by the Americans in 
the South ?— 165. What naval event this year? — 164. What of the condition of 
military afiairs in the South ?— Recite the Summary of 1779, word for word. 

Recite the events of 1780.-167. What was the condition of the army during 
the winter of 1779-80.— 168. W^hat was the chief event of the year?— 129. What 
do you know of his previous record? — 168. What led to his treason ?— 1G9. What 
French assistance this year ?— 170. What city was captured in the South, and by 
whom ?— Who was left in command ?— Why was this a mistake ? Because it 
indirectly led the tuay to the concentration of the troops at YorMown ; for had 
Clinton remained in command it is dot/bff^l whether he toould hate gone to York- 
town in 1781, (§ HB.")— 171. Who was appointed to raise a Southern army?— 150. 
Where had he been distinguished before ?— 171. What was his success ?— Who 
then took command ? — 172. What other events were there this year ?— Recite the 
Summary of 1780, word for word. 

Recite the events of 1781 . — 173. W^here was the war confined this year ?— 
What was done by the patriots ?— 174. What did Arnold do ?— 175. What battle was 
fought Jan. 17, and with what result ?— 170. What did Coi-nv»-allis then do ?— 177. 
What battle occurred after the retreat ?— \Vhere did Greene then go ?— What two 
battles occurred in South Carolina ?— 178. Where did Cornwallis go?— 179. What 
was now arranged ?— With what success ?— 180. What had been the condition of 
affairs in the army during the previous vdnter ? — What serious trouble occurred? 
—How quieted ?— Recite the Summary of 1781, word for word. 

Recite the events from 1781 to 1789 (p. 50).— 181. When was the treaty of 
peace signed, and where?— How long was this after the treaty terminating the 
F. and I. war ?— Why was it not signed before 1783 ? B-cause Ot. Britain and 
France continued at war until then, and by the terms of the Treaty of Alliance 
with France (§ 151) neither the TJ. S. nor that country could make a separate peace. 
—What were the terms of this treaty ?— 182. What was the state of things as to 
government and public credit ?— 183. What can you say of the Articles of Con- 
federation f—'\^^'hsit were the powers of the Congress during the war?— 184. Of 
what value were the Articles when passed?— How was their authority resisted? 
—185. What steps were taken to remedy this ?— With what success ?— When did 
the Constitution go into effect? — Recite the Summary, 1781-1789.— What four 
points are to be gathered from the history of the Revolution ? — Make out a table 
showing, with dates, the three chief events of each year from 1775 to 1781, and 
learn it.— 158. When did the war change to the South ?— Where were the British 
headquarters during the war?— Name four leading generals on each side, with 
mention of at le.Tst one battle in which each took ])art.— Make a table showing 
the chief points of attack each year.— 136, 146, 151, 179. What were the four 
greatest events of the war ? 



FIRST FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1789-1817. ^5 



THE GOVERNMENT UNDER THE CONSTITDTION. 



FIRST FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 
1789-1817. 

Geoege Washington, 1789-1797 ; John Adams, 1797-1801 ; Thomas Jef- 
ferson, 1801-1809 ; James Madison, 1809-1817. 

Wasliington^s Administration^ 1789-1797. 

Washington Inanguruted, April 30, 1789 ; Hamilton'' s plans adopted, 1790 ; 
Capital changed to Fhila., 1790; Washington re-elected, 1792; Whitneifs cotton- 
gin invented, 1793 ; Indian troubles in the northwest, 1790-1794 ; Genet troubles, 
1794 ; Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 ; Treaty with Great Britain, 1794. 

187. The first election for President took place in Jan. 
1789 ; General Washington being elected President and 
John Adams, Vice-President. The new government was 
to have begun on March 4, but through various delays 
Washington was not inaugurated until April 30. New 
York was the first capital. 

188. To enable the business of the Executive to be bet- 
ter attended to. Congress immediately established three 
executive departments, those of War, State, and Treasury; 
later these w^re increased in number until now there are 
six.* The chiefs of these departments, called Secretaries, 
form the President's Cabinet. 

189. Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, 
at once set about restoring the national credit. At his 
suggestion Congress, in 1790, decided to pay every dollar 
of the national debt and also the state debts. Money 
was raised by taxing imports and distilled liquors, and a 
National Bank was established in Philadelphia in 1791, 

* The six departments are State, War, Navy, Treasury, Interior, and Post 
Office. The Attorney-General forms a seventh member of the Cabinet, 



56 FIRST FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1789-1817. 

with branches in different cities. In 1790 Philadelphia 
was made the capital. In 1792 Washington was again 
elected President, and Adams, Vice-President. 

190. In 1793 EH Whitney, a New Englander, invented 
the cotto7i-gin — a machine for separating the seeds from 
the cotton-fiber. No one could ha\'e foreseen what an 
effect this invention was to have on the history of the 
nation (§ 228), particularly in regard to slavery. 

191. As settlements increased in the west the Indians 
began to give trouble, and it was found necessary to 
send troops against those in the Ohio region. Two 
expeditions having been defeated. General Wayne went 
against them, and in 1794 defeated them in a great battle 
on the Maumee. They were forced to give up all claim 
to nearly two-thirds of what is now Ohio. 

192. France was at this time at war with almost aU 
Europe, among other nations with Great Britain. The 
French Minister, Genet, endeavored to obtain aid from 
our government, in accordance, as he claimed, with the 
requirements of the Treaty of AlHance of 1778 (§ 162). 
This was refused, whereupon he commenced fitting out 
privateering expeditions from United States ports. Wash- 
ington having urged his removal, his government ordered 
him home. A large party sided with him, however. 

193. In 1794, the same year, a disturbance broke out in 
Pennsylvania, called the Whishey Reiellion ; it arose 
mainly out of the endeavor to collect the tax on distilled 
liquors, but was easily put down by the militia. 

194. The same year, 1794, a treaty was made with 
Great Britain, which settled a number of difficulties that 
at one time seemed likely to bring on war. This treaty 
was strongly opposed by a large part of the people, and 
caused intense feeling against the government for a short 
time. The states admitted during this administration 
were Vermont, 1791, Kentucky, 1792, and Tennessee, 1793. 



PIKST FOUR ADMINISTRATION'S, 1789-1817. 57 

John Adarns^ Administration^ 1797-1801. 

Adams inaugurated, March 4, 1797; Death of Washington, 1799; War with 
France, 1799 ; Jefferson elected President, 1800. 

195. Washington refused to be a candidate for a third 
term, and at the election of 1796 John Adams was chosen 
President. There had grown up tiuo parties, the Feder- 
alists and the Eepublicans, the former of which had 
opposed all the leading measures of Washington's admin- 
istration, while the other had favored them. Adams was 
a Federalist. He was inaugurated March 4, 1797. 

196. The difficulties with France, which had marked 
the previous administration, so increased that in 1799 war 
was declared, and Washington made Commander-in-Chief. 
Shortly after, Dec. 14, 1799, Washington died on his estate 
in Virginia. In 1800, Xapoleon, who was now at the 
head of the government of France, signed a treaty of peace 
before hostilities had more than begun at sea. In 1800 
Thomas Jefferson was elected President, and James Mad- 
ison, Vice-President. 

Jefferson's Administration, 1801-1809, 

Jefferson inaugurated, March 4, 1S91 ; War ivith Tripoli, 1801 ; Purchase of 
Louisiana. 1803 ; Jefferson re-elected, 1805 ; Hamilton shot by Burr, 1806 ; Diffi- 
culties with France and Great Britain, 1806 onwards; Importation of slaves 
forbidden, 1808. 

197. The Territory of Louisiana, west of the Missis- 
sippi, had been given to Spain at the close of the French 
and Indian war, but in 1800 had been re-ceded to France. 
Jefferson proposed that if possible the district around the 
mouth of the great river should be purcliased, and the 
negotiations resulted in the transfer of the whole territory, 
including more than a million and a quarter square miles, 
to this government for ^15.000,000. It gave this country 
the full control of the Mississippi, besides a portion of the 
Pacific coast. (See map, p. 126.) In 1805 Jefferson was 
re-elected President, and George Clinton, Vice-President. 



58 FIRST FOUR ADMIKISTRATIO^-S, 1789-1817. 

198. On July 11, 1806, Alexander Hamilton was shot 
in a duel by Aaron Burr, who bad been Vice-President 
during Jefferson's first term. The affair arose out of a 
political quarrel. After the duel Burr was tried for a 
treasonable attempt to found a separate government in 
the southwest, but, though undoubtedly guilty, was re- 
leased for want of proof. "' 

199. The Barbary powers, on the Mediterranean, had 
for many years been in the habit of levying tribute on 
merchant vessels near their coast, and even of enslaving 
their crews, yet strangely enough no European power had 
seen fit to put an end to the practice. In 1801 the Tri- 
politan government declared war against the United 
States, whereupon, in 1803, a fleet was sent thither which 
compelled Tripoli to withdraw her demands. 

200. There was still at this time a great war in progress 
between France and Great Britain (§ 191). Each had 
declared the coast of the other in a state of blockade, and 
as a result U. S. merchantmen were constantly under a 
risk of capture by either side. More than that. Great 
Britain, claiming that any man once a British subject 
could never become a citizen of any other nation, assumed 
the right to board American vessels and seize American 
seamen on the plea that they were deserters from British 
service. We shall see that in the next administration this 
led to serious trouble. 

201. Great Britain followed up the blockade by certain 
" Orders in Council," forbidding all commerce with France, 
and Napoleon, who was now emperor of France, replied 
by the " Milan Decree," which was similar in tone ; Con- 
gress, to protect our commerce, passed a law known as 
the Embargo Act of 1807, forbidding any vessel to leave 
port, but it was so injurious in its effect on trade that it 
was repealed early in 1809. 

202. In 1808 the importation of slaves was forbidden 



1789-1817. 59 

by Act of Congress.* The same year James Madison 
was elected President, and George Clinton again Vice- 
President. 

Madison^s Adniinistration, 

Madison inaugurated, March 4, 1809; Little Belt and President affair, May 
1811 ; War tvith the Indians, battle of Tippecanoe, 1811 ; War with Great Britain, 
1812-1814 ; Hartford Convention, Bee. 15, 1814; Treaty of Ghent, Bee. 24, 1814; 
Battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815. 

203. The difficulties between Great Britain and this 
country on the question of the impressment of seamen 
continued to increase. It was estimated that as many as 
six thousand men had been thus seized and compelled to 
serve on British vessels. The British blockade of the 
French coast also was proving very disastrous to our 
commerce. The new administration, foreseeing that war 
must come, began to prepare almost at once. Public feel- 
ing ran very high — a large party in the east being opposed 
to war, while the government and the majority favored it. 
In this excited period two events occurred which served 
to hasten hostilities. 

204. The first was the firing on an American frigate, 
the President, by a British vessel, the Little Belt. The 
Little Belt paid dearly for the insult, for the President at 
once fired upon her with such effect that she was thor- 
oughly disabled. 

The other was a more serious matter. Men in the 
employ of Great Britain had been engaged in rendering 
the Indians in the Northwest Territory discontented, and 
many tribes uniting under a chief named Tecumseh 
threatened serious trouble. General Harrison, afterwards 
President, was sent v/ith a strong force against them, and 
completely broke their power at the battle of Tippecanoe, 
Nov. 1811. 

* See Article I., Section IX., Clause 1 of the Constitution. 



60 



FIEST FOUR ADMIXISTRATIOXS. 1789-1817. 



Second War tvith Great Britain. 

Chief Events . — 18 12. — War declared, July 19 ; Invasion of Canada, July ; 
Surrender of Detroit, Aug. 16 ; Constitution captures the Guerriere, Avg. 19 ; 
Battle of Queensiown Heights, Oct. 13 ; Wasj) captures the Frolic, Oct. 18. 

1813.— Toi'k captured, April 27; Fort Meigs besieged. May ; SacketVs Har- 
bor attacked. May 29; Penny's Victory on Lake Champlain, Sejd. 10; Battle of 
the Thames, Oct. 5 ; The Peacock captured by the Hornet, Ftb. 24 ; The Shannon 
captures the Chesapeake, June 1. 

1814.— Creek Indians subdued, March ; Ca2)ti(re of Fort Erie by TJ. S. troops, 
July 3; Battle of Lundy's Lane, July 25 ; Battle of Bladensburg and burning of 
Washington, Aug. 24; Battle at Plattsburg and on Lake Champlain, Sept. 11; 
Attack on Baltimore's defenses, Sept. 13 ; Hartford Contention, Dec; Treaty of 
Peace, Dec. 24; Battle of Neiv Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815. 




1812.— 205. On June 19, 1812, war was declared 
against Great Britain, and an expedition was at once 
started to invade Canada from Detroit, nnder commaDd 
of Governor Hull, of Michigan. He crossed the Detroit 
Eiver in June to attack Fort Maiden, but hearing that a 
force of British under General Brock, assisted by a large 
number of Indians under Tecumseh, was menacing De- 



FIRST FOUR ADMIIiTISTRATION-S, 1789-1817. 61 

troit, he at once returned. A battle was expected, but 
Hull disgraced himself by surrendering the fort and his 
whole force without any resistance, Aug. 16. This was 
particularly disastrous, because Detroit was the military 
key to the Territory. 

206. The attempt to invade Canada from Michigan 
Territory having thus failed, another was made from New 
York, under General Van Kensselaer, who crossed the 
Niagara to attack Queenstown Heights, Oct. 13. He had 
nearly succeeded when the British were reinforced, rallied, 
and killed or captured all on the Canada side of the river. 
General Brock was killed in this engagement. 

207. Both the land expeditious had proved failures, 
but the results of the war at sea were very encouraging. 
Several severe conflicts had taken place in which the 
British were severely defeated. The chief engagements 
were those between the Constitution (U. S.) and Guer- 
riere (Br.), and the Wasp (IT. S.) and Frolic (Br.). 

208. The election for President took place in 1812, and 
notwithstanding much opposition to the war, Madison 
was agahi elected, with Elbridge Gerry, Vice-President. 

1813.— 209. In 1813 there were three armies formed, 
(1) the Army of the North, (2) that of the Center, and (3) 
that of the West ; these were to unite to enter Canada. 
The Army of the North was under command of Hampton 
and did nothing. The Army of the Center, under Dear- 
born, attacked York * and captured it, though not until 
after an explosion had killed a number of his men. Dear- 
born then started to attack Fort George, which was speedily 
abandoned on his approach, June 6. 

210. The British had made an unsuccessful attack on 
Sackett's Harbor, May 29, and shortly after, they attacked 
a body of Americans near Fort George and defeated them. 

211. Wilkinson now took command of the Army of 

* Now Toronto. 



62 FIRST FOUR ADMINTSTRATIOKS, 1789-1817. 

the Center, under instructions to attack Montreal assisted 
by the Army of the North. The battle of Chrysler's 
Farm was fought Nov. 11, ending doubtfully, and Hamp- 
ton not appearing, the attack on Montreal was given up. 

212. General Harrison, who had command of the Army 
of the West, sent General Winchester to attack a British 
force on the Eaisin River. In tliis he was successful, but 
after the battle was surprised, Jan. 22, by a much larger 
body of soldiers and Indians under Proctor, and forced to 
surrender. The British then moved against Harrison at 
Fort Meigs, but were repulsed, and went against Fort 
Stephenson where they were again unsuccessful. 

213. From the preceding, it will be seen that the land 
expeditions were in the main failures thus far ; for the 
objects — the invasion of Canada and the recapture of 
Michigan Territory — had not been accomplished. On 
Lake Erie, however, a most brilliant victory was gained, 
which altered the whole campaign. At Erie a small fleet 
had been fitted out and Captain (afterwards Commodore) 
Perry was being in command. With it he attacked a much 
lai'ger British fleet and won a complete victory.* 

214. This victory rendered it possible to attack the 
British in Canada with little trouble. Harrison at once 
crossed the Lake on Perry's fleet, and struck Proctor, who 
was still assisted by Tecumseh, on the Thames River. 
Proctor's forces were compelled to surrender, and, Te- 
cumseh being killed, the Indians fled from the field (Oct. 
15). This victory, with Perry's, won back Michigan, and 
destroyed the British strength in the northwest. 

215. At sea this year there were several engagements, 
but the Americans were less successful than in 1812. The 
chief two were the capture of the Peacock (Br.) by the 
Hornet (IJ. S.) in February, and the capture of the Ches- 

* His me?sao:e to General Harrison was: "We have met the enemy and they 
are ours ; two ships, one brig, a schooner, and a sloop." 



FIRST FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1789-1817. 63 

apeake (U. S.) by the Shannon (Br.) on June 1. Captain 
Lawrence commaiided both the American vessels in these 
engagements, and in the second was killed. 

216. The Creek Indians, in what is now Alabama, in- 
cited to war by Tecumseh, who had gone south after the 
surrender of Detroit (§ 205) in 1812, this year attacked 
Fort Minis on the Alabama River and massacred a large 
number of persons. Prompt measures were taken to 
avenge this, as will be seen in the account of 1814 (§ 221). 

1814. — 217. K"o events of importance occurred this 
year until July. On the 3d of that month General Brown 
captured Fort Erie and two days afterwards the British 
were defeated at Chippewa, not far from the fort, by Gen- 
erals Brown and Scott, both generals being wounded. 

218. Three weeks later, the British army under Gen- 
eral Drummond came up mth the Federal forces, and 
the battle of Lundy's Lane was fought, July 25. Tlie 
battle did not end until midnight, so fiercely was it car- 
ried on. The Americans were successful, but the victory 
was of no importance. Shortly after this the British be- 
sieged Fort Erie, but Drummond, after making a single 
unsuccessful assault, gave up the attempt; Brown having 
destroyed the fort, and left to join other forces east. 

219. A plan had been laid by the British to attack an 
American force at Plattsburg, on Lake Cham plain, by 
land. General Prevost commanding, while a British fleet 
attacked that of the Americans on the lake. The battle 
on the water resulted in nearly the complete destruction 
of tlie British squadron, and the land attack was also 
unsuccessful. At night (Aug. 11) Prevost hurriedly re- 
treated, leaving everything in the hands of the victorious 
Americans. 

220. On Aug. 24, General Ross, who had landed shortly 
before in the Chesapeake, burned all the chief government 
buildings at Washington after having defeated a small 



64 FIRST FOUR ADMINISTRATIOKS, 1789-1817. 

force at Bladensburg, not far from the city. Boss then 
sailed for Baltimore, but was shot and killed after landing. 
His forces endeavored to enter that city. They found it 
better guarded than Washington, and after an unsuccess- 
ful attempt they left that region. 

23] . This year the Creek Indians met with a deserved 
punishment for their atrocities of the previous year (§ 216). 
General Jackson being sent south to subdue them, suc- 
ceeded after considerable difficulty in defeating their 
united forces in a great battle on the Tallapoosa, March 
27. The defeat was so thorough, that their power was 
completely broken. Jackson then took command of all 
the forces in the south. 

222. The British were busy fitting out an expedition 
from the harbor of Pensacola in Florida; and after 
making one attack on the defenses of Mobile which failed, 
they were preparing for another when Jackson marched 
on Pensacola and forced the British to leave, Nov. 7. He 
then went to Xew Orleans to defend that city against an 
expected attack. The navy this year was not as success- 
ful as the army. Though United States vessels made 
several important captures, the British were the most 
fortunate. 

223. In December a body of men known as Hie Hart- 
ford Convention met at Hartford to protest against the 
war. Their action aroused much party bitterness, and 
gave rise to a charge of treason against them. 

224. On the 24th of December a treaty of peace was 
signed at Ghent, in Belgium, which left nearly everything 
as it had been before the war. The questions of the 
American citizens, and rights of American commerce 
were left entirely unsettled. The news of the signing of 
this treaty did not arrive until nearly six weeks later, and 
meanwhile a battle had been fought at New Orleans. 

1815. — 225. A large British force under General 



FIKST FOUR ADMII^TISTRATIOi^S, 1789-1817. 65 

Pakenham, aided by a fleet, entered Lake Borgne to attack 
New Orleans. Jackson had been preparing for this some 
time and was fully ready. On Jan. 8 the British moved 
forward against the city, but were met by a terrific fire 
and retired v/ith a loss of more than 2000, while the loss 
on the Federal side was but seven, with six wounded. 

SUMMARY.— War of 1812.— Governor Hull of Michigan territory was 
to invade Canada from Detroit.— He crossed over in June, but was compelled to 
return to defend Detroit.— This place he surrendered to Brock on Aug. 16.— This 
gave the British possession of Michigan.— Another auempt was made to attack 
Canada from New York.— This resulted in a disastrous defeat of the Americans 
at Queenstown Heights. -Though the laud eugagemeuts were failures, several 
marine actions had taken place in which the Americans were entirely successful 
(see text). 

In 1813 a more elaborate plan was fixed upon for the invasion of Canada. 
—Three armies were formed : The Armies of the North, Center, and West.— 
They each had certain work to do, after which they vv'ere to unite and invade 
Canada. — The Army of the North did nothing.— Tlie Army of the Center 
captured York (Toronto) and Fort George, and rei)elled a British attack on 
Sackett's Harbor.— This Army was to have joined the Army of the Noith to 
attack Montreal, but the expedition was abandoned.— The Army of the West 
made some attempts to invade Canada and recapture Michigan, but was unsuc- 
cessful until Captain Perry defeated the British fleet on Lake Erie in a great 
battle.— This enabled Harrison, who commanded the Army of the West, to attack 
Proctor, the British general in Canada, on the Thames Eiver, where the latter 
was completely defeated (Oct. 15).— The American navy w^as again the more suc- 
sessful at sea this year. 

In 1814 matters remained quiet till July.— Fort Erie was captured, Jttly 3, 
by the Americans, and Generals Brown and Scott defeated the British at Chip- 
pewa.— Then follov?ed the bloody but useless battle of Luudy's Lane, Jitly 25. 
—A British army and fleet combined to attack Plattsburg.— The result of the 
operations was that the fleet was utterly destroyed, and the land force was 
defeated.— The war now changed to the Sotith. — General Koss marched to Wash- 
ington, after a slight battle at Bladensbarg, and burned the public buildings; 
then to Baltimore, where he was repulsed. — Jackson had irone South to subdue 
the Creek Indians. — Afterwards he marched on Pensacola, Fla. (foieis'n territory), 
and drove the Bi-itish from that place.— New Orleans wa'^ attacked early next 
year (Jan. RV but Jackson defended it so well that the British were repulsed 
with terrible loss.— Meanwhile the Treaty of Peace had been signed at Ghent, 
Dec. 24, 1814. 

226. During the war the Barbary powers (§ 198) had 
again begun to annoy American vessels. As soon as 
peace was declared a fleet was sent against them, and put 
an end to all further trouble. Commodore Decatur had 
command of the expedition. In 1812 Louisiana had 
been admitted as a state, and in 1816 Indiana came into 
the Union. 

227. In the fall of 1816 the Democratic candidate, 
James Monroe, was elected President, and Daniel D. 



6(5 FIRST FOUE ADMIKISTRATIOIS^S, 1789-1817. 

Tompkins, Vice-President, almost without opposition. 
Tliis was one effect of the Hartford Convention (§ 223) 
which had greatly weakened the Federalist party. 

STJ3IMARYj 1789-1 8 17 — Washington was inaugurated April 30, 1789 
in New York, the first capital.— A great deal of labor fell upon this admimstra- 
tion.— The country was suftering severely from the effects of the war.-At Ham- 
ilton's sugges^tion a plan for improving the public credit was accepted, 1780 (see 
text).— The capital was in that year changed to Phila. — In 1792 Washington was 
re-elected.— In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton-gin, a machine for separa- 
ting the cotton-seed from the liber ; this proved of immtnse importance in the 
coiiutry's history.— In 1794 difficulties arose with France through an endeavor 
of the French Minister, Genet, to obtain aid for France, which was then at war 
with Great Britain.— In 1794 a disturbance broke out in Pennsylvania, called the 
Whiskey Rebellion, arising from an endeavor to resist the excise tax, which had 
been (l'(90) recommended by Hamilton as a means of obtaining funds.— In 1794 
a treaty was signed with Great Britain which arranged several disputed points, 
—particularly the surrender of certain western territory. 

John Adams succeeded Washington as President, 1797-1801.— He belonged to 
the Federalist Party.— The event of greatest national interest in his adminis- 
tration was the death of Washington, on Dec, 14, 1799.— In the same year, pre- 
vious to his death, war had been declared against France, and fighting had 
even begun at sea, when a treaty of peace was made. 

Jefterson was the third President (1801-1809). Jefferson was the candidate 
of the Republican Party.— In 1803 he arranged with the French government for 
the purchase of the Territory of Louisiana ; this rearly doubled the area of U. S. 
possessions. — In 1801 a Avar broke out with the Barbary powers resulting from 
the conduct of those governments, particularly that of Tripoli, in imposing a tax 
on foreign merchant vessels in the Mediterranean.— It resulted in the Tripolitan 
government being compelled to guarantee no further cause of trouble.— In 1804 
Alexander Hamilton was shot by Aaron Burr in a duel.— During the administra- 
tion there were growing troubles with Great Britain on account of the treatment 
of American merchant vessels by British men-of-war. — These led the way to the 
war of 1812. — In 1808 the exportation of slaves was forbidden by law, 

Madison was elected President in 1816 and was also a Republican.- In 1811 
two events occurred that greatly irritated the country against Great Britain : 
The firing on the President by the Little Belt, and the Indian war in the north- 
west, brought on by British agents.— In 1812 war was declared with Great 
Britain, July 19. The war was fought mainly in the North and at sea. — The 
Americans were most successful when acting on the defensive. — Towa ds the 
end the war changed to the South, but was interrupted by the treaty of peace, 
Dec. 24, 1814. — After the treaty the battle of New Orleans was fought, Jan. 8, 
1815.— A second war with the Barbary powers took place during this adminis- 
tration, resulting in a final stoppa«re of the abuses of those governments, as far 
as our commerce was concerned.— In 1814 a body of opponents of the war met 
at Hartford and protested against it ; this was called tlie Hartford Convention, 
and so injured the Federal party that it soon afterwards disappeared.— Monroe 
was elected in 1816 to the Presidency. 



QUESTIONS OK THE FIEST EOUE ADMINISTEATIONS. 67 



QUESTIONS ON THE FIRST FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS. 

Who were the first four Presidents (p. 55) and when did they serve ?— Eecite, 
with dates, the events of Washington's administration. — 1S7. When did the 
first Presidential election take place?— Who were elected President and Vice- 
President ? —When was Washington inaugurated ? —What city was the first 
capital?— 188. What Executive departments were formed ?— Why called Execu- 
tive ?— What are the six departments now ?— Who forms a seventh member of 
the cabinet ?— 189. Who was Secretary of the Treasury Department and what 
were his plans?— What city was made the capital in 1790?— 190. What most 
important invention was made in 1793, and by whom ?— 228. What can you say 
of its effect on slavery ?-191. What ditMculties with Indians in this administra- 
tion?— Who went against them, and with what result ?— 192. What difficulties 
with France? — 162. Tell what you can of the French Treaty of Alliance.— 
193. What trouble grew out of Hamilton's measures ?— 19. V\"hat treaty was made 
in 1794?— What states were admitted in Washington's administration, and 
when ?— Recite, word for word, that portion of the Summary on p. 6G, bearing 
on this administration. 

Eecite, with dates, the events of John Adams' administration.— 195. Wliat 
were the political parties at this time ?— 198. What difficulties with France arose ? 
—How terminated ?— What other event marked this administration ?— Recite the 
portion of the Summary, p. 63, bearing on J. Adams' administration.- Recite 
with dates, the events of Jefl"erson's administration.- 197. What had been the 
previous history of the Territory of Louisiana?— What was Jeflerson's wish?— 
What resulted from the negotiations? — What was the extent of this territory? - 
Who was Jefferson's second Vice-President?— 198. What occurred in 1806?— 189. 
What can you say of Hamilton's previous record ?— 198. What of Burr's after- 
history? — 199. What war arose in this administration ?— With what result?— 200. 
What was the state of affairs between Gt. Britain and France? — How did this 
affect American interests?— 201. What measures were carried into effect by the 

three governments? — 202. What important measure became a law in 1808? 

Recite, word for word, that portion of the Summary, p. 66, bearing on Jeffer- 
son's administration. 

Recite, with dates, the events of Madison's administration, p. 59.— 203. What 
was the state of affairs between this country and Gt. Britain ?— What was the 
feeling in regard to the war ?— 223. How did the feeling in the East show itself 
later ?— 204. What was the Little Belt Affair f—Ro\\ had the British otherwise 
made trouble ?— How were the Indians subdued ?— When did Gen. Harrison be- 
come President ?— Recite, with dates, the events of 1812, p. 60.-205. When was 
war declared ?— What expedition was planned in 1812?— State Hull's movements. 
—What did he finally do, and when ?— What was the result?— 206. What new 
attempt was made ?— With what result ?— 207. What of the war at pea ?— What 
were the chief two engagements ?— 208. How did the war affect the political 
canvass in 1812 ?— Recite that part of the Summary, p. 65, bearing on 1812. 

Recite, with dates, the events of 1813, p. 60.— 209. What three armies were 
formed in 1S13 ?— What was done by the Army of the North ?— By that of the 
Center ?— Locate York.— Locate Fort George.— 210. Where was a body of Amer- 
icans defeated ?— Who now took command of the Army of the Center, and what 
expedition was planned ?— With what result?— 211. Who had command of the 
Army of the West, and what did he do ?— What happened to Winchester?— 
Where did the British then move?— Locate Forts Meigs and Stephenson.— 213. 



68 QUESTIONS ON THE FIRST FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS. 

What had been the success of the land expeditions thus far ?— What had been 
their objects ?— What occurred on Lake Erie ?— 214. What did this victory per- 
mit ?— What did Harrison do ?— What was the result of these two victories ?— 
215. What of the campaign at sea this year ?— 210. What trouble arose in the 
South?— 2U5. Where had Tecumsch been active previously ?— 221. How was this 
massacre avenged next year '/—Recite that portion of the Summary^ p. 65, bear- 
ing on 1813. 

Recite, with dates, the events of 1814, p. 60.— 217. What can you say of the 
campaign in the first half of 1814 y— What occurred July 3?— Locate Ft. Erie.— 
218. What battle was fought at night, July 25?— With what result?— What did 
the British do afterwards ?— 219. What had the British planned ?— What was the 
result?— 220. What occurred at Washington ?— At Baltimore ?— 221. How were 
the Creek Indians punished this year?— 210. What had ihey done the previous 
year ?— (What can you say of Jackson's after-history ?)— 222. What did Jackson 
do after subduing the Indians ?— To what country did Florida belong at this 
time ? To Spain.— V\\icve did Jackson then move ?— 223. How did the discontented 
people in the East show their opposition to the war this year ?— 22:. What was 
one effect of this?— 224. What occurred Dec. 24?— What were left unsettled?- 
V/hat had happened meanwhile ?— 225. Give an account of the movement against 
New Orleans.— Recite that portion of the Summary, p. 65, bearing on 1814^15. 

226. What difficulties had arisen with the Barbary powers?— How quieted?— 
What states were admitted in this administration, and when?— 227. Who suc- 
ceeded Madison as President, and when ?— Recite that portion of the Summary^ 
p. 96, bearing on Madison's administration. 

Name the original thirteen states.— Make out a list of the states added down 
to the close of Madison's administration, with dates of admission, and then 
commit it to memory. {See table at close of book.) -What was the western boun- 
dary of the U. S. till 1803 ?— What vast addition was that year made to U. S. 
territory? — What states and territories have been made from this ? (See map at 
close of booJc.)— Where was the War of 1812 chiefly fought ? In, the north, around 
the Great Lakes and the Canada frontier, and at se^j.- What was its cause?— 
238, 239. How was the similar dilSculty with France settled ? — 234, 266. What 
two generals famous in this war afterwards became Presidents ?— Name the 
chief points of attack in the War of 1S12.— What battle was fought after the 
treaty of peace ?— Recite the chief events of each of the first four administra- 
tions.— Give the time of service of each of the first four Presidents. 



SECOND FOtJE ADMINISTRATIONS, 1817-1841. 69 



SECOND FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 
1817-1841. 

James Monroe, 1817-1825.— John Qutnct Adams, 1825-1829.— Andre-w 
Jackson, 1829-183T.— Martin Van Buken, 1837-1841. 

llonroe^s Administration^ 1817-1823. 

Florida ceded to the U. 8., 1819; Missouri Compromise, 1820; Florida given 
vp, 1821 ; Monroe Doctnne brought forward, 1822. 

228. The most important event of this administration 
was the Missouri Compromise. Tiie invention of the 
cotton-gin (§ 190) had wonderfully stimulated cotton 
production, and cotton cultivation had in turn enor- 
mously increased the numbers of slaves. Kow a strong 
feeling had been growing up in tlie northern states against 
slavery, and this had shown itself more and more plainly 
in the discussions on the admission of every new state. 
At this time there were eleven slave states and eleven free 
states,* and the admission of one more state meant a 
majority of two votes in the senate for one side or the 
other. (See Section III. of the Constitution.) 

229. Hence, when in 1819, Missouri applied for admis- 
sion to the Union, there arose a violent contest as to 
whether it should be a free or a slave state. At length, 
after a long discussion, a compromise was agreed on. 
Missouri was to come in as a slave state, and all future 
states lying north of 36° 30' North Latitude \ were to 
come in as free states ; all south as slave states. It must 
be remembered that at the time of this compromise 

* Delaware and all states south of PenDBylvania and the Ohio River were 
slave states ; all the rest free. 

t The southern boundary of Missouri, and nearly the northern boundary of 
North Carolina and Tennessee. 



70 SECON"D FOITE ADMIKISTRATIOITS, 1817-1841. 

(1820) what are now Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, 
Nevada, California, and part of Colorado belonged to 
Mexico, and were not then a part of the Union.* The 
plan worked smoothly enough nntil 1850 (§ 269). Mis- 
souri became a state in 1821. 

230. In 1817 the Seminole Indians from Florida entered 
Georgia on a warlike expedition, but Jackson drove them 
back. Then, on his own responsibility, he entered Florida 
and took possession of Pensacola. This made trouble at 
once with Spain, and the end of the matter was that 
Florida became a part of the United States in 1821, on 
the payment of $5,000,000 by the Federal government to 
Spain. The treaty was signed in 1819. In 1820 Monroe 
and Tompkins were re-elected. 

231. Congress having recognized certain revolting 
Spanish colonies in South America as independent repub- 
lics. President Monroe announced as the policy of the 
government that the extension of European dominion in 
the western continents would be objected to by this 
country f (1823). 

232. There were so many candidates for the Presidency 
in 1824, that none received sufficient electoral votes to 
elect him. The duty, therefore, fell on the House of 
Eepresentatives, X who chose John Quincy Adams, son of 
John Adams, President, and John C. Calhoun, Vice- 
President. § There were more states admitted during 
Monroe's administration than during any other. They 
were : Mississippi, 1817 (slave) ; Illinois, 1818 (free) ; 
Alabama, 1819 (slave) ; Maine, 1819 (free) ; Missouri, 
1821 (slave). 



* See map, p. 126. 

t This is known as the " Monroe Doctrine," and has been more or less ad- 
hered to ever since. 

t According to Article II. of the Constitution. 
§ See note to §351. 



SECOKB FOUR ADMIKISTRATIOKS, 1817-1841. 71 

John Q. Adanis^ Administration^ 182o'^29. 

Death of John Adams and Jefferson, July 4, 1S26 ; Tariff Act of 1828. 

233. Adams took the oath of office March 4, 1825. The 
great event of his administration was the Tariff Act of 
1828, which was intended to prevent, by charging a high 
tax on imported goods, the sale of foreign manufac- 
tures and thus to increase that of domestic products. 
This became another great issue between the North and 
the South, and was one of the causes leading to the Civil 
War in 1861. The North greatly desired it, because her 
strength lay in her manufacturing industry; the South 
opposed it because her interests were chiefly agricultural, 
and because it made the cost of living greater without 
bringing in any corresponding return. 

234. On July 4, 1826, Ex-Presidents Jefferson and 
John Adams died at an advanced age. In 1827 General 
Jackson was elected President, over Adams who was 
again nominated. Calhoun was re-elected Vice-President. 

Jackson's Administration^ 1829-1837. 

Veto of the bill to recharter the If. S. Bank, 1832 ; Nullification tronhles, 1832 ; 
Blaclc Hawk War, 1832 ; Jackson re-elected, 1832 ; French indemnity paid, 1S33 ; 
Seminole War, 1835. 

235. Jackson was inaugurated March 4, 1829. The 
first prominent measure of his administration was the 
bill to recharter the Bank of the United States, whose 
charter ran out in 1836. The bill was passed in 1832, 
but Jackson, who was opposed to it, promptly vetoed it, 
and Congress failed to pass it over his veto. The national 
funds were kept in its vaults for several months after- 
wards, however (§239). 

236. In 1831 France agreed to pay 15,000,000 to the 
United States as indemnity for the damages done to our 



72 SECON-B FOUK ADHlKISTKATIOi;rS, 1817-1841. 

commerce during the French and English wars. The 
French did not immediately pay this, and we shall find 
that energetic measures had to be taken regarding it in 
1834 (§239). 

237. The discontent regarding the Tariff Act (§ 233) of 
Adams' administration had been steadily increasing, and 
in 1832 a convention of citizens of South Carolina met, 
and after pronouncing it illegal and null,* made a threat 
to secede from the Union. Jackson, though himself 
opposed to the tariff, would tolerate no such proceedings, 
and sent a body of troops under Gen. Scott to Charleston. 
Congress so modified the law that the difficulty was settled. 
This was known as the Nullification TrouMes of '32. 

238. In 1832 the Sacs and Foxes Indians became trou- 
blesome in the northwest, and a war resulted in which 
Black Hawk, the chief, was captured. The result was that 
the Indians were compelled to withdraw from the North- 
west Territory.! 

239. Jackson was re-elected in 1832, with Martin Van 
Buren as Vice-President. Two years later Jackson was 
compelled to take strong ground regarding the Fi-ench 
indemnity, § 236, (only a i^art having been paid), and to 
threaten war. Great Britain having urged the payment, 
the money was paid in full and the trouble arrested. In 
1833 Jackson ordered all the money in the U. S. Bank 
and its branches to be placed in tlie state banks. 

240. The Seminoles in Florida had promised to go west. 
In 1835, an endeavor being made to remove them, they 
went to war under their chief Osceola. Hostilities lasted 
several years, but the Indians were successful in maintain- 
ing for the time their hold on the territory. 

241. During Jackson's administration but one state was 
admitted to the Union — Arkansas (slave) in 1836. There 

* Of no eflect, and not binding. 

t The Northwest Territory comprised Michigan and Wisconsin. 



SECOND FOUK ADMINISTRATIONS, 1817-1841. 73 

were now twenty-five states, thirteen slave and twelve free. 
In the same year Van Buren, a Democrat, was elected 
President, and Kichard M. Johnson, Vice-President. 



Van Bur en's Administration^ 1837-1841, 

Panic of 1837; Canadian Rebellion, 1837 ; Sub-Treasury Bill, 1840. 

242. Martin Van Buren entered on his duties as Presi- 
dent on March 4, 1837. During the spring and summer 
of that year a great business panic swept over the country. 
The cause had been at work during the previous admin- 
istration, and was mainly excessive speculation in almost 
every kind of business. Even a number of the states 
became bankrupt, and hundreds of merchants failed. 
It was years before the business of the country re- 
covered. 

243. The same year, in the fall, a rebellion against 
British rule broke out in Canada. A strong endeavor 
was made to raise recruits in the United States to 
aid in this, but Van Buren sent General Scott to the 
frontier, and prohibited the sending of any assistance 
under heavy penalties. The uprising was easily put down 
by the British forces sent against the insurgents. 

244. In 1840 Congress passed the Sub-Treasury Bill. 
This provided that there should be a sub-treasury at 
Washington with branch oflBces in various cities. This 
was in its chief features a bank, in which the only depos- 
itor was the government. There was considerable opposi- 
tion to it at first, but the President, who had originated 
the idea, finally carried his point. 

245. Michigan came into the Union during this admin- 
istration (1837). This^-estored the balance between free 
and slave states; there were now thirteen of each. 

246. In 1840, General William Henry Harrison, the 
Whig candidate, was elected President, over Van Buren 

4 



74 QUESTIONS 0:^" SECO]S"D FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS. 

who was again nominated by the Democrats. John Tyler 
was chosen Vice-President. 

SUMMARY, 1817-1841.— Monroe became President in 1817.— In 1817, 
the Seminole Indians becoming troublesome, Jackson invaded Florida and put 
an end to the matter.— This brought on trouble with Spain, the result of which 
was that Florida was purchased by tlie U. S. for $5,000,000 in 1821.— In 1820 
Missouri asked to be admitted to the Union.- There was at once a great contest 
in Congress as to whether it should be a free or a slave state.— This was finally- 
terminated by the passage of a bill admitting it as a slave state, but forbidding 
slavery north of 36° 30' N. Lat. in any future state.— In 1820 Monroe was re- 
elected.— In 1822 the famous Monroe Doctrine was announced.— This was a 
protest against further European occupation of American territory (see text). — 
There was no choice for President resulting from the election of 1824, and the 
duty of selecting a President fell to the House of Representatives, which elected 
John Q. Adams to the office. 

J. Q. Adams' administration. — In 1826, by a singular coincidence, John Adams 
and Thos. Jefferson both died on the same day, and that day the anniversary of 
American independence, July 4.— The great measure of J. Q. Adams' adminis- 
tration was the Tariff Act of 1828, which was very distasteful to the South (see 
text) and led to serious trouble in the next administration. 

General Jackson, the candidate of the Democratic Party, was the next Pres- 
ident (1829-1837). — His administration was marked by great energy and decision. 
—In 1832 he vetoed the bill to rccharter the U. S. Hank.— France was induced 
to promise the payment of $5,000,000 for damages done to otir commerce, and 
failing to fulfil the promise was threatened with war, and speedily paid over 
the balance due (1838).— In 1832 South Carolina voted the Tarift" Act of 1828 
unconstitutional, and for that reason not binding on the people ("Null ") ; and 
threatened that the state would leave the Union if the law was enforced.— 
Jackson promptly put down these " Nullifiers" by force.— Two Indian wars, the 
Black Hawk, 1832, and the Seminole, 1835, disturbed this administration, which 
taken all in all was a very eventful one.— Van Buren, a Democrat, and Jackson's 
second Vice-President, was the next President.— Over-speculation in trade in 
Jackson's term had brought on great business troubles, ending in the panic of 
1837.— To remedy this the Sub-Treasury Bill was passed, by Van Buren's desire, 
but it helped matters very little, and resulted in Van Buren being defeated in his 
second canvass for the Presidency. 



QUESTIONS ON THE SECOND FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS. 

Name the four Presidents ditring these administrations, with dates, p. 67.— 
Recite the events of Monroe's administration, with dates.— 228. When w^as 
Monroe inaugurated ?— What was the chief event of his administration ?— What 
great question gave rise to this ?— What invention had greatly influenced slavery, 
and how ?— When and by whom had the cotton-gin been invented ?— 228. Why 
did the North and South each wish to secure Missouri as a slave stnte ?— Recite 
the- clause of the Constitution which tells the number of senators to be chosen 
from each state. — Which were slave states at this time ? (Note.)— Which free ?— 
229. What trouble did the application of Missouri make ?— What were the terms 
of the Compromise? — When was it passed? — When was Missouri admitted? — 
What was the extent of the Union then ?— How long was the Compromise ad- 
hered to ?— Why then broken ?— 230. What Indian difficulty in this administra- 
tion ?— What was done about it?— What was the result of this invasion of 
Florida ?— 231. What was the Monroe Doctrine, and when announced ? —232. 
What difficulty in the choice of the next President occurred ?— Who was chosen, 



QITESTIOKS ON" SECOJq"D FOUR ADMIiTISTRATIOKS. 75 

and how ?— How many and what states were admitted during Monroe's admin- 
istration ?— Which were slave ?— Which free ?— Recite, word for word, that part 
of the Summary, p. 74, bearing on Monroe's administration. 

Recite the events of J. Q. Adams' administration, with dates. — Between what 
years did he serve ?— 233. What was the chief event of his administration ?— 
What was its intention ?— Why did the North favor this ?— Why did the South 
oppose it ?— What two Presidents died in 1826 ?— Recite, word for word, that 
part of the Summary, p. T4, bearing on J. Q,. Adams' administration. 

When did Jackson serve ?— Recite the events of his administration, with 
date?.— When did he go into office ?— 235. What was the lirst important measure 
of his administration ?— What was the fate of this bill ?— 239. When were the 
national moneys removed from the vaults of the Bank?— What had France 
agreed to in re-;ard to the damages inflicted on American commerce previous to 
1812 ?— How had we settled this matter with Great Brifaiu ?— 239. W' hat trouble 
arose out of this ?— 237. W^hat did Jackson's election emboldeu the people of 
South Carolina to do ? — How did Jaclf son meet this ?— How was the matter 
settled?— What name was given to this disturbance?— 238. What Indian troubles 
arose in 1842?— What was the result ?— Who were elected in 1842?— What oc- 
curred in 1834 ?— In 1833 ?— 240. What other Indian war arose ?— With what 
result?— 241. What state was admitted in 1836?— Name the states in the Union 
at this time ? {See table at end of &oo^.)— Recite that portion of the Summary, 
p. 74, bearing on Jackson's administration. 

When did Van Buren serve ?— Give the events of Van Buren's administration, 
with dates.— 242. What was the chief event of Van Buren's administration? — 
What was its cause?— State its extent and duration ?— 243. W^hat occurred in the 
North in 1837?— What did Van Buren do ?— How did the rebellion terminate ?— 
244. What bill passed Congress in 1840?— What did this provide ?— What was 
this arrangement ?— How was the idea received ?— 245. What state was admitted 
in 1837 ?— What states now formed the Union ? {See table at end of book.)— 
Which were free ?— Which slave ?— Who defeated Van Buren in his second can- 
vass ? — Name the first four Presidents, with dates, length of terms, Vice-Pres- 
idents, and chief events of each administration. {See table at close of book.)— 
Do the same with the second lour. 



% THIED FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1841-1850. 

THIRD FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 
1841-1850. 

William Henky Harbison, March 4 to April 4, 1841. — John Tti.er, April 4, 
1841-18-15.— James K. Polk, 1845-1849.— Zachary Taylor, 1849 to July 9, 1850. 

Marrisofi and Tylev^s Administrations^ 
1841-1845. 

Death of President Harrison, April 4, l&ll ; Tyler inaugurated Apnl 5 ; 
J)(yrr Rebellion, 1842 ; Boundary of Maine settled, 1842 ; Texas admitted, 1845. 

247. General Harrisou was inaugurated March 4, 1841. 
He was very popular, having been elected by a large 
majority; but exactly one month from his inauguration 
he died, after a short illness. Vice-President Tyler suc- 
ceeded him as President,* but retained his cabinet. 

248. It will be recollected that Jackson, who belonged 
to the Democratic party, had succeeded in abolishing the 
United States Bank {§ 236). As Harrison and Tyler 
belonged to the Whig party, a strong endeavor was made 
to re-establish a similar corporation. This Tyler vetoed, 
thereby opposing himself to his party. He followed this 
up by several other acts in opposition to the Whigs, and 
so thoroughly disgusted them that they refused to renom- 
inate him in 1845. 

249. In 1842 a violent disturbance occurred in Rhode 
Island called the Do7T Rehellion. This arose from the 
fact that the constitution of the state was defective in 
certain particulars regarding the election of state officers. 
It was mainly the charter secured by Roger Williams in 
1644 (§56). A large party favored the adoption of a new 
constitution, and the defeated candidate of this party 
for governor. Dorr by name, endeavored to seize the gov- 
ernment by force of arms. United States troops easily put 

* See Article 11., Section I. of the Constitution. 



THIED FOUR ADMI^'ISTRATIONS, 1841-1850. 77 

down the insurrection, and Dorr was imprisoned. His 
party, however, triumphed in the matter of the adoption 
of a new constitution. This was the third marked in- 
stance of resistance to the Federal government, the 
Whiskey Eebellion of 1796 (§ 192) being the first, and 
the Nullification Troubles of 1832 (§ 237) being the 
second. 

250. In this year, 1842, the question of the boundary 
of Maine, which had been creating considerable trouble 
with Great Britain, was set at rest by a treaty. 

251. In 1844, Texas, one of the states of Mexico which 
had seceded nine years before from the Mexican union, 
and proclaimed itself independent, applied for admission 
to the United States. Congress at first refused this; but 
in the fall elections the Democrats, who had favored its 
admission, were successful, and Congress passed a bill 
admitting Texas as a state. The reason why the Demo- 
cratic party favored its admission was, that being south 
of the line 36° 30' N. Lat. (§ 229) it would furnish new 
territory out of which to make more slaye states. As 
the South was the stronghold of the party, the reasons 
for this are obvious. 

252. In the election for President in 1844, James K. 
Polk, the Democratic candidate, was elected, with George 
M. Dallas as Vice-President, over Henry Clay the Whig 
candidate. 

JPolk^s Administration, 1845-1849. 

Northwestern Boundary settled, 1846; War with Mexico, 1845-1848 .• 

Taylor goes to the Mo Grande, Jan. 1846 ; Battle of Palo Alto, May 9,, 1846 ; Battle 
of Resaca de la Palma, May 9, 1846 ; Capture of Monterey, Sevf. 24. 1846 ; Battle 
of Bvena Vista, Feb. 23, 1847 ; Vera Crvz taken, March 27, 184? ; Battle of Cerro 
Gordo, April 18, 1847 ; Battle of Contreras, Avg. 20, 1S47 ; Molitio del Bey and 
Chapultepec captured, Sept. 8 and 14 ; Mexico entered, Sept. 14, 1847 ; Treaty of 
Guadaloi/pe Hidalgo, Feb. 2, 1848. Gold discovered in California, 1848. 

253. Polk was inaugurated March 4, 1845. The great 
event of his administration was the War with Mexico, 



78 THIRD FOUR ADMIXISTRATIOJ^-S, 1841-1850. 

1845-1848. When Texas revolted, Mexico acknowledged its 
independence on the condition that it should not become 
part of tlie United States; its annexation, therefore, at 
once made trouble. " Besides this, Texas claimed the Eio 
Grande as its frontier limit; Mexico insisted that the 
Neuces (nivd-sds) River was the boundary. The United 
States took the Texan view of the matter and sent Gen- 
eral Zachary Taylor to the Eio Grande to take possession 
of the disputed tract between the two rivers. He built 
Fort Brown, 1846, near the mouth of the river, where he 
strongly posted himself (See map, p. 79.) 

254. The Mexican government, resenting this as a 
trespass upon their territory, sent General Arista to the 
Eio Grande to dispute the occupation of the region. 
General Taylor met them on the plain of Palo Alto, where 
with a force of less than 2000 men he defeated three 
times that number of Mexicans, May 8. The next day he 
defeated them again, at Eesaca de la Palma, compelling 
them to retreat. 

255. On May 11 the U. S. government declared war, 
and a jjlan of operations in tliree divisions was decided 
upon. One force under General Kearney was to gain 
possession of California and New Mexico,* two forces 
were to take possession of North ern Mexico, and another 
under General Scott was to march upon Mexico City. 

256. General Kearney started from Leavenworth, Kan., 
in June 1846, and on Aug. 18, took possession of Santa 
Fe, New Mexico. Tn the meanwhile Colonel John C. 
Fremont (§ 274), with a small force, had defeated the 
Mexicans in California in a number of skirmishes, though 
unaware at first that war had broken out. Shortly after, 
a fleet arrived ; and when Kearney reached California he 
found his work nearly done. With his assistance the 

* The oriffinnl cliptrict called New Mexico comprised the ^I'efvter part of what 
is BOW included iu Arizona and New Mexico, with other tracts on the north. 



THIRD FOUR ADMIKISTRATIOKS, 1841-1850. 



79 



whole district was soon in the hands of tlie United States 
forces. 

257. General Taylor of the second division attacked 
the strongly fortified city of Monterey. The battle was 
fought in the streets and even in the houses. The city 
was surrendered Sept. 24. 

258. A large part of Taylor's army had been sent to 
join Scott's forces, and the Mexican general, Santa Anna, 




C.St.Zums 



MEXICAN 
WAR 



knowing this, attacked Taylor with 20,000 men — nearly 
four times Taylor's force— at Buena Vista. The battle 
was long and at first doubtful, hut the United States 
troops finally repulsed the enemy with a loss of 2000 
men, Feb. 23, 1847. This closed the campaign around 
tlie Rio Grande. 

259. Early in March 1847, General Scott having con- 
veyed his forces to the Mexican coast by water landed 
them north of Vera Cruz. San Juan de Ulloa (scm wan 
da ooloa) was captured after a four days' attack, March 
27, and the army moved forward towards Mexico. Cerro 



80 THIRD FOUR ADMTi^ISTRATIOlS'S, 1841-1850. 

Gordo was captured from Santa Anna April 18, and on 
May 15, Puebla was taken without a battle. 

260. Nothing further was done until Aug. 7, when, the 
army having been reinforced, the march was again begun. 
By the 10th the army was in sight of the city. General 
Scott, to avoid as much fighting as possible, abandoned 
the road, and marching his army around to the south, 
attacked the city from that direction. 

261. Three of the defenses on this route, Contreras, 
and the Castles of San Antonio and Cherubusco were all 
captured on Aug. 20. An armistice of two weeks occurred, 
and on Sept. 8 Molino del Eey (moleeno del rd) was taken. 
Chapultepec {clia-joooV ta-peh) was the last defense of the 
city. This was captured on the 13th, and Mexico City 
was entered. 

262. The capture of the city virtually ended the war, 
and on Feb. 2, 1848, a Treaty of Peace was signed which 
secured to the United States the main point at issue, 
namely, the Eio Grande as the northeastern boundary of 
Texas. In addition California and New Mexico * were 
ceded to the United States for $15,000,000. Arizona was 
not ceded until some years later (§ 272). This was the 
fourth addition to U. S. territory, Florida (§ 230) being the 
first, Louisiana (§ 196) the second, and Texas (§ 251) the 
third. 

263. In 1845 the northern houndary of Oregon was 
fixed at 49°. This matter had threatened serious trou])le 
with Great Britain, but was adjusted by treat}^ We shall 
see that it made some trouble later (§§ 347, 348). 

264. In 1848 gold loas discovered near San Francisco, 
and thousands of persons flocked to California, not only 
from the eastern states but from all parts of the ^Yorld. 
So great was the rush, that in two years there was a suffi- 

* The Mexican state of New Mexico must not be confounded with the 
present Territory. (See map at close of book, and note to p. 78.) 



THIRD FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1841-1850. 81 

cienfc population to enable California to apply for admission 
as a state (§ 267). 

265. During this administration four states were ad- 
mitted : Florida and Texas, 1845 (slave) ; Iowa, 1846 
(free) ; Wisconsin, 1848 (free). There were now thirty 
states, fifteen slave and fifteen free. 

266. In 1848 General Taylor was chosen President and 
Millard Fillmore, Vice-President. This was a Whig tri- 
umph, the Democratic candidate being Governor Cass of 
Michigan. Slavery had now become an important element 
in politics, and in this canvass a neio party opposed to 
that institution — the Free-Soil Party — put forward Martin 
Van Buren_, the ex-President, as their candidate. 

Tayloi'^s Administration^ 1849- July 9, 1850, 

California applies for admission, Feb. 1850 ; Death of President Taylor, 
July 9, 1850. 

267. General Zachary Taylor was inaugurated March 4, 
1849. In February of the next year California applied 
for admission as a state. This at once created a violent 
commotion in Congress, for the people had asked that it 
be admitted as a free state. The Missouri Compromise 
did not settle the difficult}^, for the proposed new state 
lay on both sides of the line 36° 30' (§ 229). At the time 
of this application for admission there were thirty states 
equally divided as to slavery. (See table at end of book.) 
California, if admitted as a free state, would throw the 
balance against slavery ; if as a slave state, in favor of it. 
Hence the contest. (Read § 228.) 

268. While the discussion was at its height General 
Taylor died, July 9, 1850, and Vice-President Fillmore 
succeeded to the Presidency. 

SUMMARY, 1841-1850.— Gen. Harrison served but one month, when 
he died, April 4, 1841.— Tyler succeeded him.— Tyler greatly offended his party by 
vetoino: the Bank of the tJ. S. bill, 1841, and thus lost the nomination in 1845.— In 
184'3 a rebellion broke out in Rhode Island resulting from party feeling.— Dorr, 



82 QUESTION'S ON" THIRD FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS. 

claiming to be {governor, was the leader.— It was put down by military force and 
Dorr was imprisoned.— In 1844 Texas applied lor admission to the Uuiou.— Tliia 
was at first refused, but the Democratic Party, which favored its admission, 
beini? successful in the election of 1844, the bill passed next spring, and Texas 
became a state March 1, 1845. 

Polk, the Democratic candidate, was inaugurated President in 1845. —Trouble 
soon arose with Mexico about the admission and the boundary of Texas, 
Mexico claiming to the Nueces River, while Texas claimed to the Rio Grande. 
— This brought on war (May 11, 1846).— Mexico was at once invaded by three 
armies : One iu California under Gen. Kearney ; one on the Rio Grande aVid in 
what is now northern Mexico ; while a third, under Gen. Scott, marched on 
Mexico city.— These expeditions were all successful, the United States forces 
winning every battle.— By the end of 1847 Mexico was conquered and the capital 
in Gen^ Scott's hands.— 20,000 men had conquered 50,00'J and taken po- .sion 
of a country containing more than 7.000,00u inhabitants.— The Treaty of Peace 
was signed at ciuadaloupe Hidalgo, Feb. 2, 1848 ; Mexico by it acknowledged 
the Rio Grande as boundary and ceded California and New Mexico to the Unued 
States for $15,000,000.— In 1848 gold was discovered in California, causing much 
excitement, and <rreat emigration thither. 

In 1848 Gen. Taylor, distinguished in the Mexican war, was elected President; 
he was the Whig candidate.— Just before his inauguration California applied, 
Feb. 1849, for admission as a free state.— This created great excitement, because 
the territory lay on both sides of the Missouri Compromise line.— Taylor was 
inaugurated March 4, but died one month after. 



QUESTIONS ON THE THIRD FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS. 

Who were the third four Presidents ? (p. 76.)— "When did each servo ?— Recite, 
with dates, the events of Harrison and Tyler's administrations.— 247. When was 
Harrison inaugurated ?— 212, 215. What can you tell of his previous record ?— 
247. What occurred a month after his inauguration ?— Who sticceeded to the 
Presidency ?— 248. To what party did Tyler belong ?— What Whig measure was 
introduced ?— What can you say of Tyler's behavior ?— 249. What occurred in 
Rhode Island ?— What caused this ?— What can you say of the Constitution of 
that state? — What was the feeling in regard to it?— Who was Dorr and what did 
he do?— What was done to suppress the insurrection ?— What of Dorr's party?— 
What other instances of resistance to the U. S. arms had there been in the states ? 
—192. Tell \^■hat you can of the Whiskey Rebellion, and what led to it.— 236. Of 
the Nullification Troubles.— 256. What boundary was settled in this adiuinistra- 
tion, and when ?— 257. What country applied for admission as a state ?— What 
did Congress do about this at first ?— Why did Congress afterwards vote to admit 
Texas ?— What party favored its admission, and why? -229. What measure had 
fixed the line 36^ 30' as the northern limit of slavery, and when?— 252. Who 
were elected President and Vice-President in 1844 ?— Of what party ?- Recite 
that part of the Summary^ p. 82, bearing on Harrison and Tyler's administration. 

Recite the events of Polk's administration, p. 77.— When did he serve?— S53. 
When was he inaugurated ?— What was the great event of his administration ?— 
On what condition had Mexico granted Texan independence in 1835?— What 
boundary did each country claim ?— How did the United States regard the ques- 
tion of boundary ? — Who was sent to the Rio Grande, and when? — What did he 
do?— 254. What did the Mexican government do ?—VAliat battles occurred May 
8 and 9?— 25.5. When was war declared ?— What was the plan of campaiirn ?— 
What was the work of each division ?— What did Nev/ Mexico comprise? {Note.) 
—856. Tell what you can of Kearney's expedition.— 257, 258. Tell what you can 



QUESTIONS ON THIED FOUR ADMIJ^ISTEATIOi^S. 83 

of Taylor's expedition.— 259. Where did Gen. Scott land, and in what year?— 
Name in order the places captured by his forces. {See map.)— 2^. When did his 
army come within sight of the city ?— Why did Scott change his route ?— 261. 
What were the defenses of this route ?— When was Mexico city entered ? — When 
was the Treaty of Peace signed'?— What was its chief point?— What also was 
granted?— When did Arizona become a part of the U. S.— Name the three pre- 
vious accessions to the U. S. territory, with dates, and circumstances connected 
with their cession.— 263. What boundary had been settled in 1846? — 346,347. 
When did this make trouble again?— (§256. What one in 1842?)— 264. What great 
event occurred in 1848 ?— What efi'ect had this on the population of California ?— 

265. What states were admitted during Polk's administration, and when? 

Which were slave ?— Which free?— How many slave and free states were there 
now ?— 265. Who were elected President and Vice-President in 1848 ?— To what 
party did they belong?— What now entered greatly into politics?— What new 
party had arisen ?— Why, do you think, was it called the Free-Soil Party ?— Who 
was its candidate in this canvass ?— Recite that portion of the Summary, p. 82, 
bearing on Polk's administration. 

How long did Taylor serve ? (p. 81 )— Give the events of his administration, 
with dates.— 267. When was he inaugurated ?— What state applied for admission 
the following year ?— What effect had this bill, and why ?— Why did not the Mis- 
souri Compromise bill settle the question ?— 229. What was the Missouri Com- 
promise ?— What was the extent of the Union when the Missouri Compromise 
was adopted ?— What was its extent now ? {See map at close of book.)—2(Sl. How 
many states were there in 1850?— How divided as to slavery ?— 228. How would 
the admission of California turn the balance for or against slavery '—How was 
the matter settled l—{See Fillmore's Administration, § 269.)— 268. What happened 
in the midst of this excitement ?— Recite that portion of the Summary, p. 82, 
bearing on Taylor's administration.— Recite, from the table at the close of the 
book, the names of the Third Four Presidents, their terms of othce, their Vice- 
Presidents, and the chief events of each administration.— Do the same with the 
First and Second Four. 



84 rOUKTH FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1850-1865. 



FOURTH FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 
1850-1865. 

Mellakd Fillmobb, 1850-1853. — Franklin Pierce, 1853-1857. — James 
Buchanan, 1357 -1861.— Abraham Lincoln, 1861-18G5. 

Fillmore's Adininistration^ lSdO-18o3. 

Omnibus Sill passed, Sept. 9, 1850; Fishery Treaty with Gt. Britain, 1852. 

2G9. Vice-President Fillmore became President on the 
death of General Taylor. Two months after his inaugu- 
ration a bill brought forward while Taylor was alive was 
passed, called The Omnibus Bill of 1850. This was intended 
to settle the dispute regarding California's admission, as 
well as a number of other vexed questions.* It provided, 
among other things, that California should be a free state; 
that there should be no sale of slaves in the District of 
Columbia; and that slaveholders should have the right 
to compel the authorities to seize runaway slaves wherever 
they might be found, whether in free states or not. At 
first it was supposed that the matter was settled; but 
before long the last provision, known as the Fugitive- 
Slave Law caused a vast deal of trouble. 

270. In 1852 a treaty was concluded with Great Britain 
by which the people of the United States were granted 
the privilege of fishing in any British waters in America. 
This was a point on which there had been much discus- 
sion, and later threatened to lead to war (§356). 

271. In the Presidential canvass of 1852 the Free-Soil 
Party nominated as their candidate, John P. Hale of New 
Hampshire. General Scott was the Whig candidate, and 
Franklin Pierce that of the Democrats. Pierce was 
elected President, with William R. King, Vice-President. 

* Hence the name, Omnibus, whicti means "for all,"— i.e. to cover all the 
disputed questions, and to please all parties. 



rouETH FOUE administeatio:n's, 1850-1865. 85 
I^ierce^s Adniinistration, 1853'1857. 

Gadsden Purchase, 1853 ; Treaty with Japan, 1854 ; Kansas-Nebraska Bill 
passed, 1854. 

273. In the beginning of Pierce's administration a 
treaty was concluded with Mexico by wliicli the latter 
sold to the United States a considerable tract of land 
between Texas and California for $10,000,000. This 
negotiation was called the Gadsden Purcliase of 1853, and 
from the district was made the Territory of Arizona. 
In 1854 a treaty of commerce with Japan was concluded 
— the first of the kind in the history of that country. 

273. The Question of Slavery had now become a very 
serious one, and now occupied the attention of nearly 
all the people, creating much excitement. Every one 
foresaw great trouble unless it was laid to rest. In this 
condition of affairs Stephen A. Douglas, senator from 
Illinois, aggravated matters by introducing a bill into the 
Senate directly violating the terms of the Missouri Com- 
promise (§ 229). It provided that two new Territories, 
Kansas and Nebraska, should be formed, and that their 
people should have the right to decide whether they 
would have slavery or not. This caused a violent debate 
in Congress and intense bitter feeling throughout the 
country, but was passed early in 1854. Unfortunately 
the struggle did not end with its passage. The people 
in Kansas were divided on the question, violent outbreaks 
occurred in which blood was frequently shed. 

274. In the four years from the preceding election the 
Free-Soil Party had gained immense strength, and the 
Whig Party had ceased to exist. The Free-Soilers were 
now known as the Republican Party, and put in nomina- 
tion General Fremont (§ 256). The Democratic Party 
nominated James Buchanan. Buchanan was elected in 
1856, with John 0- Breckinridge as Vice-President. 



86 FOURTH FOUR admikistratio:n'S, 1850-1865. 
Buchanan^ s Administration ^ 18o7'18Gl, 

John Broiori's Baid, 1859 ; Abraham Lincoln elected President^ Nov. 1860 ; 
South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas 
secede from the Union, Dec. 1860. 

275. Buchanan was inaugurated March 4, 1857. He 
went into office in the hope that he should be able to 
reconcile the North and South ; but matters had now 
gone too far to be settled by the influence of any one 
man. Two and a half years after his election an event 
occurred which greatly aggravated the bitter feelings on 
both sides. This was known as Jolin Broimi^s Raid. 

■ John Brown, a Kansas settler from New York, came 
east, and made an extraordinary attempt to set the slaves 
free in Virginia. In October 1859, with a number of 
comrades, he surprised and gained possession of the 
arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He was forced to surrender, 
tried, and being found guilty of treason, was hung Dec. 2. 

276. In t\\Q meantime the Presidential election had 
taken place. There were four candidates nominated. 
The Democratic Party had split into two factions; the 
Southern portion, which advocated slavery, put forward 
Breckinridge, then Vice-President; the Northern por- 
tion, believing in the right of the people of the several 
states to decide for themselves the question of slavery, 
nominated Senator Douglas (§ 273). The Anti-slavery 
or Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln. In 
addition to this, John Bell was nominated by another 
party which professed to avoid the whole subject. Lin- 
coln was elected, with Hannibal Hamlin as Vice-President. 

277. Southern men and Southern newspapers had made 
threats that their states would leave the Union if the 
Anti-slavery party triumphed. No sooner was Lincoln's 
election made certain, than South Carolina (a state which 
once before had talked of secession, § 237) resolved 
in convention that it was no lousier one of the United 



FOURTH FOUR ADMIKISTRATIOJ^S, 1850-1865. 87 

States, Dec. 20, 1860. Within a few weeks Georgia and 
all the Gulf states had also left the Union. Early the 
next year a congress of delegates from all but Texas met 
at Montgomery, Ala., where they organized the govern- 
ment of the Confederate States of America. Jefferson 
Davis was chosen provisional President, and Alexander H. 
Stephens, Vice-President. 

278. This new government was very active; military 
stations within the borders of the states were everywhere 
seized, and immediate steps taken to form an army. On 
the other hand, very little was done by the Federal govern- 
ment. Surrounded by men w^ho sympathized with the 
movement, and not perhaps realizing that instant action 
was necessary. President Bnchanan allowed precious time 
to slip by, and the new Confederacy to gain strength. 
Fully $25,000,000 worth of government property fell into 
its hands while the Union government did nothing. 

279. Charleston was one of the chief cities in the South, 
and strongly defended. The commandant at Fort Moul- 
trie, Major Anderson, did not sympathize with the seces- 
sion movement, and to strengthen his hold on the harbor 
defenses he moved his force to Fort Sumter. A steamer 
was sent to him with snpplies, bnt was fired upon by the 
batteries erected on shore and forced to withdraw (Jan. 
10). We shall see that Anderson himself was compelled 
to leave finally (§ 284). 

Lincoln^ s Administration^ 1861 to April 15 9 
I860. 

Lincoln inaugurated, March 4, 1861 ; Fort Sumter evacuated, April 13, 1861 ; 
Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops, April 14 ; Vb'ginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and 
Tennessee secede, April to June 1861 ; Civil War, 1861-1865; Lincoln assassinated, 
April 14, 1865. 

280. The main cause of the great war that was ap- 
proaching, in which half a million lives were to be lost, 
was Slavery. All the other questions which had separated 



88 FOURTH FOUR ADMINISTRATIOIs^S, 1850-18G5. 

the North and South had grown out of this, or had been 
powerfully affected by it. The protective system inaugu- 
rated by the Tariff Act of 1828 (§ 233) was in the interest 
of the North which manufactured, and against the inter- 
ests of the South which, being engaged m agriculture,* 
was dependent on slavery for its success. The Missouri 
Compromise of 1820 (§ 229) was only a makeshift for 
warding off the trouble until later. It did not wholly 
succeed because it w^as made before California was under 
United States control, and when that state applied for 
admission the whole question was reopened (§ 229). 

281. There was an opinion held at the South that 
the states were only associated in Union, not bound to 
keep together. The North would not accept this view, 
claiming that all the states had united themselves by a 
legal bond, and that that agreement could no more be 
broken than one between one person and another. The 
southern doctrine was called " State Sovereignty," or 
" State Eights." We see that the slave states, having 
lost the control of the government, fell back on this as 
their last resort, and left the Union. 

282. There was one point in regard to which the lead- 
ing minds in the South were clearly satisfied ; that was 
that eventually the North must gain the balance of 
power: 1st. Because it had the most territory out of 
which to make new states ; 2d. Because emigrants natu- 
rally flocked to territory where labor was free, and where 
they were not compelled to compete with slave labor; 
which made the population of the North constantly to gain 



* In order that, the pupil shall fully understand how prominently Slavery and 
the Tariff presented themselves as political causes of the war, it is essential that 
§§ 189, 228, 229, 233, 251. 267, 269, 273, 274 be made the subjects of a special review. 
The table at the close of the book {Admission of States) will 2:ive a f?ood idea 
of how steadily the balance between slave and free states was kept until 1859. 
At no period after 1812 was this balance lost for more than three years at anyone 
time until after 1850. 



FOURTH FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1850-1865. 89 

on that of the South. Senator Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska 
Bill (§273) was introduced with a view to adjust this; 
but the result was to intensify the feeling at^the North, 
because it violated the Missouri Compromise. 

283. Strong endeavors were made in Congress to in- 
duce the Southern leaders to alter their determination, 
but they were firm in their belief that secession was the 
best possible measure. They were confident that they would 
succeed, for they did not believe that the North would 
unite to compel them to remain in the Union. While 
affairs were m this state an event occurred in Charleston 
harbor which precipitated hostilities, and drew down 
upon the South all the horrors of civil war. This was the 
attack on Fort Sumter (§ 284). 

CIVIL WAB (1861-1865). 

1861.— Fort Sumter surrenders to the Confederates, April 13; Lincoln calls 
for 75,000 men, Apr. 14 ; Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee 
secede, April to June ; Norfolk Navy Yard destroyed, April 20 ; Baltimore riot, 
Apri,l 19 ; Lincoln calls for 83,000 men. May 3. 

Cntnpaif/n in Virfjinia :— Battles in Western Virginia, June to Sept.; First 
Battle of Bull Run, July 21 ; Battle of Ball's Bluff, Oct. 21. 

Catnpalijn in t/ie West :— Lyon defeats Gov. Jackson at Booneville, 3Io., 
June 17 ; Sigel defeats Gov. Jackson at Carthage, Mo., July 5 ; Vrice defeats Lyon 
at Wilson's Creek, Aug. 10 ; Price captures Lexington, Sept. 20 ; Pries driven 
from MissouH into Arkansas, Nov.; Grant repulsed at Belmont, Ky. TJiq Trent 
affair, Oct. {These places should all be located on the map.) 

284. The Confederates learning that Fort Sumter was 
to be relieved, determined to seize it with all possible 
speed. Accordingly General Beauregard, on April 12, 
commenced to fire upon it from the numerous batteries 
which had been erected in the harbor, and within two 
days Colonel Anderson (§ 279) was forced to evacuate the 
fort, without loss of life on either side (April 14). 

285. All hesitation on the part of the Federal govern- 
ment now ceased. Lincoln issued a call on the very next 
day for 75,000 troops to protect the nation, and called an 
extra session of Congress.. In the South, states tliat had 



90 



THE CIVIL WAE, 1861-1865. 




FOURTH FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1850-1865. 91 

hitherto hesitated now joined the Confederacy, and by- 
June all the coast states from Virgmia to Texas, with 
Arkansas and Tennessee, had seceded from the old Union 
to unite with the new. Virginia, which seceded on April 
17, acted promptly. On the 18th she seized Harper's Ferry 
where there was a strong arsenal,^ and three days after- 
wards the Norfolk Navy Yard was taken possession of. 

286. On April 19 f a body of troops on its way to Wash- 
ington was mobbed in Baltimore and several soldiers killed. 
On May 3, a second call for 83,000 volunteers was issued, 
which was almost immediately responded to, and a plan 
" for crushing out the rebellion " was decided on. J Mis- 
souri, wliich claimed to be neutral, was to be secured to 
the Union if possible, and Virginia § was to be overrun, 
commencing in the western part, where the people^ many 
of them, were strong Unionists. 

The Campaign in Virginia. 

287. In West Virginia General McClellan defeated the 
Confederate forces at Philippi, Rich Mountain, and Car- 
rick's Ford, and General Eosecrans defeated the Confed- 
erate general, Floyd. General E. E. Lee was defeated at 
Cheat Mountain, on Sept. 14, and soon after joined Floyd. 
In Eastern Virginia Butler was defeated near Fortress 
Monroe, at Big Bethel, June 10. 

288. On May 23 the Union forces entered Alexandria, 
and on July 20 the Confederate capital was changed to 
Eichmond, from Montgomery (§ 277). General Beaure- 

* This was set on fire by the commandant when he retreated, hut the machine 
shops and a great deal of vahiable material fell into the Confederates' hands. 
The commandant at Norfolk also destroyed as much as he could when he left, 
but the insurgents obtained an immense quantity of material of war. 

t The anniversary of the Battle of Lexington, 1775 (§ 125). 

X This turned out to be a much easier thing to plan than it was to accomplish. 
The war lasted four full years, and cost $3,000,000,000 and half a million lives. 

§ West Virginia was at this time a part of Virginia ; it was made a separate 
state in 1863 (§317). 



92 rOUETH FOUR ADMII^ISTRATIOKS, 1850-1865. 

gard (§ 284) had come north and had command of the 
Confederate forces at Manassas, not far from Alexandria, 
and south of a small stream called Bull Run. Near this 
stream he was attacked on July 21 by General McDowell. 
The battle at first was in favor of the Federal troops, but 
Confederate assistance arriving, under three commands, 
the tide of battle was turned and the Union soldiers fled 
in great disorder in the direction of Washington, having 
sustained a loss of upwards of 3000 men. This battle of 
Bull Run struck the people of the North with consterna- 
tion, and greatly inspirited the South. 

289. The Union government acted promptly. A call 
for 500,000 more men was issued, and a large number of 
recruits were put under General McClellan, who had come 
from western Virginia to take command. This force was 
known as the Army of the Potomac. A portion of these 
men attacked the enemy at Ball's Bkiff, Oct. 21, but were 
defeated. This ended operations in that quarter in 1861. 

The Campaign" iis" the West. 

290. A strong endeavor was being made to secure Mis- 
souri to the Confederacy. Captain Lyon suddenly attacked 
and dispersed a Confederate recruiting force near St. 
Louis. For this he was made a General, and on June 17 
he defeated Jackson, the governor of the state, at Boone- 
ville ; Colonel Sigel (afterwards General) defeated Jackson 
again at Carthage. Lyon was killed and his force defeated 
(Aug. 10) at Wilson's Creek, and Price, the Confederate 
general now in command, captured Lexington, Sept. 20. 
Price after this was gradually forced South into Arkansas 
by Generals Fremont and Halleck, the latter being placed 
in, command of the Union forces. Missouri was now 
saved to the Union. 

General Grant had fortified Belmont, Mo., with a view 
to entering Kentucky. On Nov. 7 he attacked Columbus 



FOURTH FOUR ADMIXISTEATIONS, 1850-18G5. 93 

in that state, on the Mississippi, opposite Belmont, but 
was unsuccessful. 

291. During the year efforts were made to get control 
of some of the Southern ports. The only two of impor- 
tance which were closed were the entrance to Albemarle 
and Pamlico Sounds (Aug. 29) by General Butler aided by 
a fleet, and Port Royal Harbor, S. C, Nov. 7 (the day that 
Columbus was attacked), by General Sherman. 

292. A serious difficulty, known in history as the Tre7it 
Affair, arose with Great Britain this year, which came 
near to bringing on a war with that country. Tlie Con- 
federates had sent two agents. Mason and Slidell, to 
Europe to solicit aid. These were seized on board the 
Trent, a British vessel, and brought as prisoners to Boston. 
Greatly' to the disappointment of the Confederates, the 
matter was adjusted to the satisfaction of Great Britain, 
and the chance of a foreign war was happily warded off. 

SUMMARY^ 1 861.— The war was opened by the attack on Fort Sumter, 
which surrendered, April 14. — This served to unite both North and South : 75,000 
men sprang to arms at the call of President Lincoln, and four more states joined 
the Confederacy, making a total of eleven.— Yir.oinia with great promjjtness 
seized Harper's Ferry and Norfolk Navy-yard.— On April 17 the first blood was 
shed in the streets of Baltimore. — Another call for 83,000 men was made on May 
3, and promptly responded to. 

The year's operations divided themselves mainly into two sections : 1st. 
Those in Virginia; 2d. Those in Missouri and the West.— In "Virginia, 
McClellan and Eosecrans were successful in clearing the western part of the 
state of Confederates in a number of battles.— In eastern Virginia, Butler was 
defeated at Big Bethel. June 10. — The bulk of the Union army was at and near 
Alexandria, and as soon as the Confeder ite government had moved to Richmond 
a movement towards that city was begun, under command of McDowell. — He 
was opposed by Beauregard at Bull Run, near Manassas, the Confederate head- 
quarters, and though at first successful was in the end utterly defeated. — McClel- 
lan was now put in command of the forces around Washington, which were 
called the Army of the Potomac. — A detachment of this army was defeated at 
Bairs Bluff, Oct. 21. 

Ill Missouri, a young officer, Capt. Lyon, dispersed a Confederate recruiting 
force under Gov. Jackson", and afterwards defeated Jackson again at Booneville 
(June 17}.— Col. Sigel also defeated Jackson at Carthage.— Gc'n. Price, who had 
now taken command of the Confederates in this quarter, attacked and defeated 
Lyon at Wilson's Creek and captured Lexington, Sept. 20.— First Fremont and 
then Halleck opposed him and forced him South out of the state. 

On tlie Coast, Hatteras Inlet was closed by Butler and Com. Stringham, 
and Port Royal, S. C, was captured, Nov. 7. — An endeavor was made by Grant 
to capture Columbus, Ky., but it failed. — The Trent afliiir (see text) came near 
making war with Great Britain, but good management on the part of the Gov- 
ernment prevented any such disaster. 

General Result of tlie Campaign : Missouri was saved to the Union, 
western Virginia cleared of Confederates, two strong ports on the Atlantic cap- 
tured, and a general blockade of Southern ports planned and begun. 



94 FOURTS FOtJE ADMINISTRATIONS, 1850-1865. 

QUESTIONS ON THE YEAR 1861. 

1861.— Recite the events of 1861, with dates, pointing out the places on the 
map.*— 284. Why was Ft. Sumter attacked ?— What was the result ?— How had 
Anderson come there ?— What was the date of this ?— 333. What occurred in 1865 
on the same date ?— 285. What eflfect had this on the Government ?~What did 
Lincoln do? — What eflect on the South? — What states formed the Southern 
Confederacy?— What can you say of Virginia's action ?-286. When was the first 
blood shed, and where ?— What was done May 3?— What was the plan?— 287. 
What can you say of the operations in western Virginia?— (Point these places 
out on the map.)— In eastern Virginia ?— 288. What occurred May 23?— July 20 ? 
—When had Montgomery been made the capital ?-284. Where did we last hear 
of Beauregard ?-2SS. What had he done since ?- Where were his forces ?— Who 
attacked him, where, aud when ?— Tell what you can of the battle of Bull Run.— 
Wliat effect had it on the North?— 289. What did the Government do ?— Who 
took command ?— What name was given to this army ?— What was done by it? 

What was being done in Missouri ?— What did Lyon do there ?— How was he 
rewarded, and what did he then do?— What did Sigel do?— Wliat happened to 
Lyon?— What Confederate success followed this?— Wliat occurred to Price after 
this ?— What can you say of the position of Missouri ?— What had Grant done ? 
—What place did he attack, and with what result ?— What efforts had been made 
on the coast this year?— What places were captured ?— What foreign difficulty 
occurred ?— Tell what you can of it.— Recite, word for word, the Summary of 
1861.— What had been done this year ? 

1862. 

1862.— Ju the Southwest : Capture of Ft. Henry, Feb.^\ Ft. Donelson 
captured, Feb. 16 ; Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., March 7 ; Battle of ShiloJi, Ajnil 
6 ; Corinth abandoned by the Confederates, April 9 ; Island No. 10 captured, 
April 7 ; Fort Pllloiv abandoned, June 4 ; Memphis entered by Union forces, June 
6 ; Bragg^s raid into Kentucky, Sept.; Battle of Perryville, Oct. 8 ; Confederates 
attack Corinth, Oct. 4 ; Battle of Stone Eirer, Bee. 31 to Jan. 2, 1863 ; Union 
repulse at Vicksburg, Dee. 29 ; Capture of New Orleans, May 1. 

In Virginia : Action betioeen the Monitor and the Virginia, May 10 ; Battle 
of Fair Oaks, May 31 ; Jackson defeats Fremont and Shields, June 8 and 9 ; Bat- 
tle of Mechanicsville, June 25 ; Battle of Malmrn Hill, July 1 ; Second Battle of 
Bull Run, Aug. 29 and 30 ; Pope falls back to Washington, Sept. 1 ; Battle of 
South Mountain, Sept. 14 ; Jackson captures Harper's Ferry, Sejri. 15 ; Battle of 
Fredericksburg, Dec. 13. Etseifliere .• Roanoke Mand captured, Feb. 8 ; New- 
bern captured, April 23 ; Florida occupied, March. 

293. The year 1862 was opened with a well-defined plan 
of operations on the part of the Union forces. The main 
points were to keep the war within the borders of the 
seceding states and to gradually wrest their territory from 
the control of the Confederate armies. To do this three 

* An outline map, similar to that on p. 90, drawn on the blackboard, will assist 
the work here very greatly. 



FOURTH rOUR ABMimSTRATIONS, 1850-1865. 95 

lines of operation were resolved on: 1st. To capture 
Richmond and gain control of Virginia ; 2d. To drive the 
Confederates from the southwest; 8d. To gain possession 
of the Mississippi and thus confine the war to the east of 
it. The first was a failure and became a defense of Wash- 
ington ; the second was, in the main, successful ; the 
third partly succeeded, and was completed next year. 

The Campaigi^ in Virgiis^ia. 

294. The plan in Virginia v/as to combine the forces in 
Virginia under McClellan, and capture Richmond. The 
Confederates took prompt measures to prevent this. 
Jackson forced Banks, who was on the Shenandoah, to 
retreat north towards Washington. He was attacked by 
Fremont, but defeated him on June 8. On June 9 
Shields attacked him, whom he also defeated. Meanwhile 
McClellan moved toward Richmond, but turning went to 
Fortress Monroe, and then being reinforced, started again 
for the Confederate capital, taking the route between the 
York and James Rivers.* An action occurred at Wil- 
liamsburg, May 5, in which the Union troops were suc- 
cessful. On May 31, McClellan was attacked at Fair 
Oaks, but neither side gained any advantage. 

295. General Lee now took command of the Confed- 
erate forces, and ordered Jackson to move against McClel- 
lan's right. Jackson attacked him at Mechanicsville, 
June 25 ; Lee followed this up by another attack, June 
27, and McClellan was forced to retreat to the James 
River. The retreat lasted a week and was one continuous 
succession of fighting, known as the " Seven Days' Battles." 
This ended the campaign as far as attacking Richmond 
was concerned. The Confederates had obtained the ad- 
vantage in Virginia, and we now find that instead of 

* Hence the name to this series of movements, of " Peninsular Campaign." 



96 FOURTH FOUR ADMINISTRATION'S, 1850-J865. 

capturing the Southern capital, the Union troops were 
compelled to defend their own. 

296. The Union forces around Washington were now 
under command of Pope, they having failed to unite with 
McClellan. Lee shortly started North to attack Wash- 
ington, and gradually forced Pope North. At Bull Run 
(§ 288) the Union forces were again defeated (Aug. 29 and 
30) ; and after losing the battle of Chantilly (Sept. 1) 
Pope hurriedly retreated to Washington. Lee then 
crossed the Potomac. 

297. A detachment of Lee's army w^as attacked and 
defeated at South Mountain, on Sept. 14, by McClellan, 
who had come back to defend Washington; but on Sept. 
15, Harper's Ferry, with 10,000 men, surrendered to 
Jackson, whom Lee had sent to attack it. 

298. On Sept. 17 McClellan attacked Lee and Jackson 
at Antietam, where a battle was fought in which the loss 
on both sides was 25,000 men. After it Lee withdrew to 
Virginia. 

Burnside now took command in place of McClellan. 
In December he attacked Lee at Fredericksburg, Va., but 
w^as defeated with frightful loss * and retired into Mary- 
land. 

Campaign in the Southwest. 

299. The Confederates were driven from eastern Ken- 
tucky in two battles early in the 5^ear. The western part 
of the state and north Tennessee had control of a strong 
line of defense stretching from Columbus through Forts 
Henry and Donelson, and Bowling Green to Cumberland. 
(See map.) If this could be broken the surrender of 
Columbus, which had been unsuccessfully attacked the 
year before (§ 290), was assured. 

* Nearly 1:2,000 men. 



FOURTH FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1850-1865. 97 

300. The Union army was commanded by General 
Halleck. He moved forward, and, assisted by Commodore 
Foote with a strong fleet, captured Fort Henry, Feb. 6. 
General Grant then invested Fort Donelson, which sur- 
rendered on Feb. 16, with 10,000 soldiers. These captures 
resulted in the abandonment of both Columbus and 
Bowling Green. 

301. The Confederates in Columbus moved part down 
the Mississippi, part to Island No. 10, and part to New 
Madrid, Mo. The latter was captured by General Pope, 
who shortly after succeeded in cutting off communica- 
tion from the island. This surrendered, Apr. 7, to Com- 
modore Foote. Two Confederate fleets now guarded 
the river above Memphis. These were defeated on June 
4 and 5, and the river opened south as far as Memphis, 
which was entered by the Federal forces next day. 

302. The other portion of the Confederate line of de- 
fense moved down to the southern part of Tennessee and 
northern Mississippi and Louisiana. Their new line 
reached from Memphis through Corinth, and luka (Miss.) 
to Cumberland (Tenn.). Corinth was the center; if that 
could be taken the line of defense must be again moved. 
General Halleck marched against it with an immense 
army,=* and it was abandoned May 30. This was one 
reason why the capture of Memphis had been so easy 
(§ 301). From Corinth, Bragg moved east with a large 
force to Chattanooga, near the southeast boundary of 
Tennessee. The other portion of the Confederate line 
went south and formed a new line running directly east 
from Vicksburg to the center of Alabama. 

303. At Chattanooga Bragg planned a raid north, and, 
acting with General Kirby Smith, proceeded directly 
across Tennessee into Kentucky. General Buell opposed 
him and compelled his retreat to Chattanooga after a 

* Nearly 110,000 men. 



98 FOURTH FOUE ADMIXISTKATIONS, 1850-1865. 

battle at Perryville, Oct. 8. Grant was now put in com- 
mand of the forces in west Tennessee, which Halleck had 
been in charge of (§ 290). 

304. The Confederate forces in Arkansas (§ 290) were 
defeated, on March 7 and 8, by General Curtis, at Pea 
Eidge. General Van Dorn commanded the Confederates 
at this battle. Later in the year lie and Price, having 
entered Mississippi, moved upon Corinth. Price attacked 
Rosecrans at luka (see map) Sept. 19, but was defeated, 
and shortly afterwards both the Confederate generals 
attacked him again at Corinth during Grant's absence 
(see below), but were driven off, after a hard battle, Oct. 4. 
For this Rosecrans was given command of all the forces 
in east Tennessee (known as the Army of the Cumber- 
land), over Buell who was removed. 

305. Rosecrans' idea was to force the Confederates from 
east Tennessee as soon as possible. He did not succeed 
in doing this till June of the next year (§ 312), but he 
advanced to Murphreesboro' where Bragg attacked him 
Dec. 31. The battle lasted till Jan. 2, 1863, and ended 
in Bragg's defeat. 

306. While these movements were in progress an attack 
on Vicksburg had failed. General Sherman had command 
of it, but the defenses of the city proved unexpectedly 
strong (Dec. 29). It was occupied, however, next year 
(§311). 

The Campaig:n" on the Mississippi. 

307. After the capture of Columbus, it will be remem- 
bered, the Mississippi was opened from the north as far as 
Memphis (§ 301). About the same time an expedition 
was in progress to capture New Orleans and get control 
of the lower Mississippi. Two forts, Jackson and St. 
Philip on opposite sides of the river, guarded the approach 
below the city, and above them lay a strong Confederate 



FOURTH FOUB ADMINISTRATIONS, 1850-1865. 99 

fleet. After an unsuccessful attempt to reduce them, 
Commodore Farragut sailed j)ast the forts in the midst of 
a heavy fire, and then engaged the fleet, which was com- 
pletely crippled (April 24). On the 25th the land portion 
of the expedition under Butler entered New Orleans. 

Events on the Coast. 

308. This year the blockade of Confederate ports was 
greatly strengthened, and two coast expeditions were in 
the main successful. One under General Burnside, and a 
fleet, followed up Butler's work of 1861 (§ 291) by destroying 
a Confederate fleet in Albemarle Sound and capturing 
Eoanoke Island, Feb. 8. Newbern was captured next 
month. In the latter part of February an expedition was 
sent from Port Royal (§ 291) against the chief points in 
Florida, which were left almost unprotected. During the 
following month Fort Clinch, Fernandina, Jacksonville, 
and St Augustine were occupied. In Georgia the port of 
Savannah was closed by the capture of Fort Pulaski 
(April 11). 

309. The great naval event of the year, however, was a 
contest unlike anything ever before seen. When Norfolk 
was abandoned in 1861 (§ 285) a number of vessels had 
been sunk, to prevent them from falling into the Confed- 
erates' hands. One of these, the Merrimac, had been 
recovered by the Confederates. She was covered in every 
part with a thick casing of iron, furnished with an iron 
roof, and a pointed iron prow. This singular vessel* 
appeared suddenly amidst the Union fleet near Fortress 
Monroe, on March 8, while McClellan was operating 
against Richmond. She sank one vessel by a single 
thrust of her prow, and compelled the destruction of 

* After being thus remodeled she was called " The Virginia." 



100 FOURTH FOtJR ADMINISTRATIOIN-S, 1850-1865. 

another. By a most fortunate coincidence, a small vessel, 
also built of iron, appeared tlie same evening in Hampton 
Roads. This was the Monitor y"^ from New York. An 
engagement between the two vessels next day resulted in 
considerable damage to the Virginia, and she went to 
Norfolk, where the Confederates afterwards blew her up. 

SUM3IARY, 1862.— The work accomplished in 1862 was: 1st. The Mis- 
sissippi was opened from the Ohio to Memphis, and from the mouth to New 
Orleans : 2d. The Confederates in the southwest were driven into east Tennessee 
and southern Alabama and Mississippi ; 3d. Every Confederate seaport of 
importance except Mobile and Charleston was closed, and all but Mobile, 
Charleston, Wilmington, and Savannah actually in Federal hands. — The Virginia 
campaign was a failure, and became a defense of Washington. 

Virj^iiiia Campaign :— The forces in Virginia were to be united under 
McClell'an to attack Richmond.— McClellan moved against Richmond by way of 
Fortress Monroe.— Battle of Williamsburg, Confederates defeated.- Battle of 
Fair Oaks, May 31, was indecisive, and Lee took command of Confederates 
before Richmond.— Jackson now prevented Banks from joining McClellan and 
drove him back across the Potomac— Fremont and Shields then attacked 
Jackson, but were defeated.— Jackson now joined Lee and attacked McClellan 
at Mechanicsville, June 25, and compelled him to withdraw to the James 
River. — The retreat was a continuous succession of battles known as the Seven 
Days' Battles.— The attack on Richmond being thus broken up Lee started 
North, with Jackson.— Pope, now in command of the forces around Washington, 
opposed him with the help of some of McClellan's men.— Second battle of Bull 
Run, Pope defeated, Aug. 29 and 30.— Pope was again defeated at Chantilly, Sept. 
1, and withdrew to Washington.- Jackson captured Harper's Ferry with 12,000 
men, Sept. 15.— In the meantime McClellan attacked some Confederates at South 
Mountain and gained a victory. — McClellan now attacked Lee and Jackson at 
Antietam, where a bloody but indecisive battle was fought.— Lee then withdrew 
into Virginia.— Burnside" superseded McClellan and attacked Lee at Fredericks- 
burg, but was badly defeated, Dec. 13.— During the early part of the campaign 
the action between the Monitor and Virginia (Merrimac) occui-red. (See text.) 

Cainpaigit in tlie Soutlx -west : — The Confederate line of defense 
stretched from Columbus, Ky., to Bowling Green.— This was broken by the cap- 
ture of Fort Henry by Htlleck and Fort Donelson by Grant, the former aided by 
Commodore Foote and the fleet (see map). Columbus and Bowling Green both 
abandoned as a result— Confederates at Columbus moved down to Island No. 10 
and New Madrid.— Gen. Pope captured New Madrid, and then cut off eastern 
communication with the Island, which surrendered April 7. — The other Confed- 
erate forces were now stretched along from Memphis to Chattanooga, with 
Corinth for their center.— Grant attacked at Shiloh by Johnston and Beauregard, 
but held his position, April 6.— Halleck ihen moved against Corinth which was 
abandoned, Beauregard going east to Chattanooga and the balance south to a 
new line of defense" running east from Vicksburg.— Memphis at once occupied, 
June 6.— Bragg and Smith shortly invaded Kentiicky from Chattanooga, but were 
driven back by Baell. — Grant made commander in west Tennessee. — Rosecrans, 
in Grant's absence, was attacked at Corinth by Van Dorn and Price (who had 
come east after the battle of Pea Ridge, Ark.), but repulsed them, Oct. 4.— 
Rosecrans was made commander of the Army of the Cumberland, and was 
attacked by Brasg at Stone River, but repulsed him, Dec. 29 to Jan. 2, 1863. — 
Meanwhile, in March, Farragut passed Forts Jackson and St. Philip, destroyed 
the Confederate fleet, and enabled Butler to enter New Orleans, April 25.— [For 
the operations on the Coast, see text (§§ 308, 309)] . 

* This vessel floated nearly even with the water, and the only object on the 
deck was the revolving turret from which the shots were fired. Its appearance 
was so odd that it was described as " a cheese-box on a plank." 



FOUETH FOUR ADMINISTRATION'S, 1850-1865. 101 



QUESTIONS ON THE YEAR 1862. 

Recite the events in the Soutliwest this year, with dates (p. 95).— 293. How 
was the year 1862 opened ?— What were the main points ?— How many lines of 
operation were resolved on ?— What were they ?— What can you say of each ?— 
294. What was the plan in Virginia ?— How did the Confederates act ?— What did 
Jackson do ?— How was Jaclcson opposed, and with what success ?— What was 
McClellau doing meanwhile?— What was his plan^— Why ca.Wed the Peninsular 
Campaign ? {See map.) — What two actions occurred ?— 295. What able man now 
took command of the Confederates ?— What was Jackson ordered to do ?— How 
did Jackson follow out this direction ?— Locate Mechanicsville,— How did Lee 
follow up his plan?— What was the result?— What can you say of McClellan's 
retreat, and how called ?— What effect had these disasters on the Union plan ?— 
294. What was the Union plan ?— 295. Which side had now the advantage in this 
section ?— What use? did they make of it ?— Under whom were the Union foi-ces 
around Washington ? — 296. What did Lee now do ?— What occurred at Bull Run ? 
—(288. What had happened there previously ?)— 296. What other battle did Pope 
lose, and when ?— What did each general then do ?— Locate these places.— 297. 
What occtirred at South Motmtain, and when ?— Locate Soutli Mountain. — How 
had McClellan come to be in that region ?— What Union disaster took place next 
day?— 298. What did McClellan now do two days after this ?— What was the 
effect of the battle?— What was the loss on both sides?— (How does this loss in 
one battle compare with the number of men surrendered by Burgoyne and Corn- 
wallis in tlie Revolution ?)— Who superseded McClellan ?— What did he do ?— 
Locate Fredericksburg.— Recite that part of the Summary, p. 100, bearing on 
the Campaign in Virginia in 1862. 

Recite that part of the list of events of 1862, p. 95, bearing on the Campaign 
in the Southwest.— 299. What can you say of the Confederate forces in east Ken- 
tucky?— How were they situated in west Kentucky and north Tennessee?— 
Locate these points. — What effect would breaking this line have?— (290. Who 
had attacked Columbus the year before ?)— 300. Who commanded the Union army 
in this region ?— What did he do, and when ?— What did Grant do ?— Did these 
captures accomplish the object of the Union forces?— 301. Where did the Con- 
federates in Columbus move ?— What can you say of the operations against 
these points ?— Locate each.— "UTiat guarded the river above Memphis ?— What 
occurred June 4 and 5?— With what result ?— (294. What helped on this sur- 
render?)— 302, Where did the other portion of the Confederate line go after the 
surrender of Forts Henry and Donelson ?— (299. What was this line of defense ?) 
—What was their new line ?— What was its strong point ?— Who went against it, 
and with what result?— What effect did this have on other operations ?— Where 
did Bragg go from Corinth ?— Where did the rest of the line move ?— 303. What 
did Bragg plan ?— What did he do ?— Who opposed him, and with what success ? 
— What change was now made in command ?— 304. What had occurred March 7 
and 8 in Arkansas ?— Locate Pea Ridge.— Who commanded the Confederates?— 
What did he and Price do in the fall ?— Whom did Price attack, where, and 
when ?— With what success ?— What occurred at Corinth, and Avith what restilt? 
—How was Rosecrans rewarded ?~305. What was his plan ?— (312. Tell what you 
can of his success in the matter).— Where did he go and by whom was he 
attacked? — Locate Corinth and Murphreesboro'. — 306. Meanwhile what had 
occurred on the Mississippi?— (311. Who captured it next year?)- Recite that 
part of the Summary, p. 100, bearing on the Campaign iu the Southwest. 



102 FOURTH FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1850-1865. 



Recite that part of the list of events, p. 95, bearing on the Campaign on the 
Mississippi, with dates.— 307. What had occurred after the capture of Columbus ? 
—Locate Memphis and Columbus.— What was going on in the lower Mississippi? 
—How was New Orleans guarded ? —What did Farragut do ? —What was the 
result?— 308. What can you say of the blockade this year?— What did Burnside 
do?— What city was captured a few weeks after?— What occurred in Florida? 
—In Georgia?— 309. Tell what you can about the Monitor and Vi7'ginia.— Recite 
that part of the Summary, p. 100, bearing on the events in the Southwest and on 
the Coast. 



1863. 

1863. — 27je Cami^aign in the Southtvest :— Arkansas Post captured by 
Shei^man, Jan. 11 ; Battles around Vicksburg, May; Surrender of Vicksburg^ 
July 4 ; Sun-ender of Port Hudson, July 8. 

Jti /Cast Tennessee and iieovfjia : Battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 19 ; Long- 
street repulsed at Knoxville, Nov. 20 ; Battle of Chattanooga, Nov. 24. 

In Virginia : Battle of Chancellor sville, May 2 and 3; Lee again invades the 
North; Battle of Getiysburg, July 1-3 ; Riot in N. Y , July 13-15 ; Operations in 
Charleston Harbor, ApHl to Sept.; Emancipation Proclamation.^ Jan. 1; West 
Virginia admitted, June 20. 

310. The operations of the year 1863 were simply a 
continuance of those of 1862. On Jan. 11 General Sher- 
man captured Arkansas Post, Ark., thus opening 

The Campaign in the Southwest. 

311. 1. On the Mississippi. — General Grant early in the 
spring moved against Vicksburg, which, with a few small 
posts below, was all that kept the Mississippi closed. 
After trying to attack it from the river, he went below 
the city and crossed over to the east side. He was at- 
tacked by Jolmston at Fort Gibson, May 1, but repulsed 
him. He then attacked Johnston at Jackson and de- 
feated him May 14. This broke the Confederate system 
of defense (§ 302) and enabled Grant to completely invest 
Vicksburg. The siege lasted seven weeks and was ended 
by the surrender of the city on the 4th of July with all 
its large army. This led to the surrender of Port Hudson 
on the Mississippi, July 8, and completely opened the 
river. 



FOURTH FOUR ADMINISTRATION'S, 1850-1865. 103 

312. 2. In Tennessee and Georgia. — In June Eosecrans 
advanced on Bragg, who retreated into Georgia. Eosecrans 
followed, and was attacked at Oliickamauga and badly 
defeated, Sept. 19 and 20. He retreated to Chattanooga, 
which Bragg at once laid siege to. Meanwhile Burnside, 
who had come from the Potomac, was besieged by the 
Confederate general, Longstreet, at Knoxville. Grant 
was now appointed commander of all the forces in the 
Southwest, thus superseding Burnside. He at once has- 
tened to Chattanooga, where, in two great battles, Look- 
out Mountain and Missionary Eidge, Bragg's army, almost 
demoralized, was completely routed, November 2G and 27. 
Bragg, disheartened, gave up his command. The posses- 
sion of Chattanooga was of immense importance to the 
Union troops. That post was the key to the stronghold 
of the Confederacy — Georgia — and it will be seen how its 
occupation enabled the Federal forces to split the South- 
ern union, greatly hastening the end of the war. 

313. Grant at once sent Sherman to aid Burnside, and 
Longstreet, hearing of this, made an attack on the Knox- 
ville defenses, but was repulsed, Aug. 29. He then left 
the state. 

The Campaign in the East. 

314. Hooker succeeded Burnside as commander of the 
Army of the Potomac. Longstreet, with a large force, 
presently left Lee to attack Burnside in Tennessee (§ 312). 
Hooker, knowing this, determined ,to attack the Confed- 
erates. General Sedgwick was instructed to take Fred- 
ericksburg, while Hooker, with the army proper, crossed 
the Eappahannock and went to Chancellorsville. Here he 
was attacked by Lee, and would have been terribly de- 
feated but for Sedgwick, who, having done his work, came 
up in time. As it was, the Army of the Potomac was 
compelled to fall back to Fredericksburg. This battle 



104 FOURTH FOUR ADMIKISTRATIO^-S, 1850-1865. 

took place on May 2 and 3. After it Hooker was removed 
and General Meade appointed to the command. 

315. Lee now endeavored to repeat his programme of 
the year before. He at once moved north along the 
Eappahannock, crossed the Potomac, and entering Penn- 
sylvania threatened Chambersbnrg. He was closely fol- 
lowed and watclied by the Union forces. At Gettysburg 
the two armies met, where a terrific battle * was fought 
lasting three days, July 1-3. The Confederates were the 
attacking party, and the battle was decided by a charge 
on the Union position upon Cemetery Ridge, where Lee's 
army was repulsed with frightful slaughter. After the 
battle Lee hastily fled into Virginia. The news of this 
battle and of the surrender of Vicksburg (§ 311) was 
telegraphed all over the North the next day, July 4, and 
created the wildest enthusiasm. 

316. 0?i the Coast. — A naval expedition was sent in the 
spring to close the port of Charleston, but was unsuccess- 
ful. General Gilmore was then put in command of a 
land force which succeeded in compelling the evacuation 
of Fort Wagner by batteries erected on Morris Island 
(Sept. 6). An attempt to take Fort Sumter failed, but 
the harbor was more thoroughly closed. 

317. Othei' Events. — While the Confederates still held 
Tennessee, General Morgan led a Confederate cavalry raid 
into Indiana and Ohio, similar to Bragg's in 1862 (§ 303). 
His career was ended in Ohio, at New- Lisbon, where he 
and his force were captured (July 27). — On Jan. 1, Lincoln 
proclaimed all the slaves in the seceding states free, by 
his famous Emancipation Proclamation. — In June the 
western part of Virginia was admitted to the Union as a 
new state. West Virginia, on account of having remained 
loyal to the North. — In July a riot broke out in New 

* The total loss on both sides was about 60,000 men, of which the Confederates 
lost upwards of two-thirds. 



rOUKTH rOUK ADMINISTKATIONS, 1850-1865. 105 

York, caused by opposition to the draft for recruits. It 
lasted three days, and was finally put down by military 
force, though not until much property and many lives 
had been lost. 

SU3IMARY, 1863.— The results of this year's campaign were : 1st. The 
capture of Vicksburg and opening of the Mississippi ; 2d. The Confederates 
driven out of Tennessee ; 3d. Charleston shut oil" from approach from the sea 
by the capture of Fort Wagner; 4th. Lee failed in his endeavor to invade the 
North. 

Ill the Soiitliwesf :— Gen. Sherman captured Arkansas Post, in Jan.— 
Grant attacked and defeated Johnston at Forts Gibson and Jackson, and having 
thus gained the rear of Vicksburg compelled its surrender, July 4.— Port Hudson 
surrendered on the 8th and the Mississippi was open.— Rosecrans in June com- 
pelled Bragg to go from Chattanooga to Georgia.— Rosecrans followed him, but 
was in turn compelled to fall back to Chattanooga after a severe battle at Chick- 
amauga, Sept. 19.— Grant was now placed in command.— On Nov. 24 and 25 the 
battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge were fought, and Bragg's 
force, utterly broken up, retreated into Georgia. — Burnside was besieged at 
Knoxville by Longstreet.— Sherman being sent to the rescue and Longstreet 
driven oft", though not until after he had been repulsed in an attack on the 
Knoxville defenses. 

In tlie Norllieast :— Hooker superseded Burnside in command of the 
Army of the Potomac— He moved against Lee, who attacked him at Chancel- 
lorsville and defeated him. May 2 and 3.— Lee then invaded Pennsylvania.— Meade 
now took Hooker's place, and followed Lee to Gettysburg, where a terrible 
battle was fought, July 1, 2, 3, in which Lee was completely defeated. (For other 
events see text.) 



QUESTIONS ON THE YEAR 1863. 

310. Recite the events of 1863, with dates.— Locate each place mentioned. — 
310. What is said of the operations of this year?— 311. What river w-as opened 
this year?— (301. How far had it been opened the previous year?) — What place 
on the Mississippi was attacked, and by whom ?—Wliat were his first move- 
ments ?— Who attacked him, aud where ?— What did he do then ?— Locate Forts 
Gibson and Jackson.— (302. Through what points did this pass?)— AVhat was he 
now enabled to do ?— How long did the siege last, and how did it end ?— What 
resulted from the stirrender of Vicksburg?— 312. What occurred in Jtine?— What 
occurred Sept. 19 and 20.— Where did Rosecrans then go, and what did Bragg do? 
—What was occurring at Knoxville ?— 313. What aid was sent him ?— 312. What 
promotion was made ?— Where did he go ?— What did he do there ?— What did 
Bragg do?— Why was Chattanooga important ?— Locate it.- 313. What did Grant 
now do ? — What did Longstreet do ?— Recite that portion of the Summary, 
p. 105, bearing on the operations in the Southwest.— Recite also the first portion 
giving the results of the campaign. 

What place was the point of attack in the east? (§294.)— 314. Who succeeded 
Burnside in command of the Army of the Potomac?— 312. Where had Burnside 
gone?— 314. Who followed him ? (See § 313.)— What did Longstreet's departure 
decide Hooker to do ?— What was the plan? — Where was Hooker attacked, and 
by whom ?— What was the eff'ect of the battle ?— When did it take place, and 
what change was made in the command ?— 315. What did Lee now attempt to 



106 FOUKTH FOUR ADMIlflSTRATIONS, 1850-1865. 

do ?— What were his movements ?— Where was he met, and what occurred ?— 
How many men were lost altogether ?— What can you say of the battle itself?— 
When and now was the news received North? 

316. Tell what you can of the operations in Charleston Harbor.— What was 
their result?— What attempt was made to undo the work ?— 317. Tell what you 
can of Morgan's raid.— (303. What can you say of Bragg's raid in 1862?)— How 
was Morgan's raid terminated ?—W^hat did Lincoln do this year? — What state 
was formed this year?— What occurred in New York City? 



1864. 

1864,— Meridian, Miss., captured, Feb. 3; Grarit appointed to command all 
the armies, March 1. llie Catnjyaigtt, in, Virginia :—Sigel and Hunter'^ 8 
expediiion. May ; Second battle of Chancellorsville, May ^, %, and 1 ', Battles in 
the Wilderness, May 7 to 13 ; Union repulse at Petersburg, June 15 ; Assault on 
Petersburg, July ZO; Early invades Pennsylvania, June to October ; Burning of 
(Jliambersburg, July 30 ; Battle of Cedar Creek, Early defeated, Oct. 19. 

The Campaign in the Southeast :—SJierman captures Atlanta, Sept. 2; 
Hood defeated at Nashville, Dec. 15 ; Sherman's march to the sea, Nov. 14 to Dec. 
10 ; Savannah captured, Dec. 21. 

Other Events :— Battle of Olustee, Fla., Feb. 2; ForresVs raid ; Fort Pil- 
low Massacre, April 12 ; Banks' expedition, March ; Confederates defeated at 
Pleasant Hill and Cane Biver, April 9 and 23 ; Expedition against Mobile : Forts 
Morgan and Gaines captured, Aug. 5 ; Expedition against Fort Fisher ( Wilming- 
ton), Dec; The "Alabama,'"' ^'Tennessee,'' and ''Albemarle'" destroyed. 

318. Towards the close of 1863 Sherman had gone to 
Vieksbnrg ; from fchere, in Feb. 1864, he went east to Meri- 
dian, which he entered on the 3d, and where he destroyed 
large quantities of Confederate supplies. General Grant 
was appointed Lieutenant-General of all the Union forces 
with his headquarters at Washington, and Sherman took 
his place as commander (§ 303) in the Southwest with 
headquarters at Chattanooga. General Johnston, who 
had succeeded Bragg, was in Georgia in command of one 
Confederate army while the other was under Lee in Vir- 
ginia. The plan now was to divide the Confederacy; 
Grant operating against Lee, and Sherman against 
Johnston. 

Grant's Campaign in Virginia. 

319. Before the greater body of the Union forces moved. 
Grant ordered General Sigel to proceed south along the 



FOUETH rOUR ADMimSTRATIONS, 1850-1865. 107 

Shenandoah, to be ready to assist the operations of the 
main army. Sigel was defeated, but General Hunter, 
taking command, defeated a Confederate force (June 5) 
at Piedmont. Hunter was then forced to retire. 

320. Meanwhile Grant had moved to the Wilderness 
(§ 321), and Lee seeing a chance for another raid into 
Pennsylvania sent General Early north. Early defeated 
a Union force (July 5) near Washington (Battle of the 
Monocacy), and, entering Pennsylvania, plundered the 
country and burned Chambersburg. He then returned 
to assist Lee. He was attacked in the Shenandoah Valley 
by Sheridan and defeated in two battles, Sept. 19 and 20. 
On Oct. 19 he ventured to attack Sheridan's forces at 
Cedar Creek, but was so badly defeated that he made no 
further attempts against his enemy. 

321. While these events were occurring. Grant's army 
was engaged in trying to accomplish the required work — 
namely, the conquering of Lee's army. On May 4 the 
Union forces were moved forward to attack the Confed- 
erates. They were met by Lee's troops near Chancellors- 
ville, in the Wilderness, where a terrible battle was fought 
lasting two days (May 5, 6). Then Grant, passing around 
to the Confederate right, attacked Lee at Spottsylvania 
C. H., where he found Lee prepared for him. Here the 
fighting lasted five days, but decided nothing (May 8-12). 
Again Grant moved around to the Confederate right at 
Cold Harbor, but again Lee was prepared for him, and 
the attack resulted in no gain (June 3). 

322. From this place Grant moved to seize Petersburg 
on the Appomattox River, but Lee had been too quick 
for him, and Grant found him in possession. All now 
centered on this place ; we shall find that when it surren- 
dered the next year (§ 329) Richmond was at once entered. 
On June 18, an attack was made on the works but failed 
with terrible loss, and Grant at once commenced a regular 



108 FOURTH FOUR ADMII^TISTRATIONS, 1850-1865. 

siege. Another endeavor to capture the position was 
made in July, but it proved a failure, and the defenses 
held out until 1865. 

Sherman's Campaigi^ iit Georgia. 

323. Georgia was the dependence of the Confederate 
States. It was the place where their arms were made, 
where most of the army supplies were kept ; and hitherto 
it had been exempted from the trials of war. To lose 
control of this state, with all its stores of supplies and 
means of furnishing material of war, would be a terrible 
blow to the South. On May 7, Sherman moved from 
Chattanooga with an immense force (100,000 troops) to 
attack Atlanta — next to Savannah the most important 
place in the state. He steadily advanced and successively 
defeated Johnston (§318) at Resaca (May 14, 15), Dallas 
(May 25), Lost Mountain (June 15-17), and Kenesaw 
Mountain (July 3, after more or less fighting for more 
than a week). Johnston now retired within the defenses 
of Atlanta, and was shortly superseded by Hood, who 
made several attacks on Sherman but was each time 
defeated. On Sept. 2, Hood left the city, which was at 
once occupied by the Union troops. 

324. Hood now turned towards Tennessee, and followed 
General Thomas to Nashville. Thomas attacked him 
here, and after a two days' battle defeated and almost 
annihilated his army (Dec. 14-15). 

325. Meanwhile Sherman had begun his famous march 
to the sea. He was ready to attack Savannah on Dec. 12, 
which was defended on the southeast by Fort McAllister. 
This was taken on Dec. 13, and eight days afterwards the 
city was in his possession. 

Events Elsewhere. 

326. An expedition was sent into Florida early in the 
year^ which was defeated at Olustee, Feb. 20 ; this was 



FOUKTH FOUE ADMIN^ISTRATIONS, 1850-1865. 109 

the first important battle of the year. — General Banks 
in combination with Admiral Porter ascended the Eed 
Eiver, La., to overrun the country (March). The expedi- 
tion was a bad failure. — Mobile Bay was closed as a port 
by the capture of Forts Gaines and Morgan, Aug. 5. 
Admiral Farragut commanded the expedition, and it was 
conducted in some respects similarly to that against New 
Orleans in 1862. — Admiral Porter and General Butler 
moved against Wilmington in December, but Fort Fisher, 
which defended it, proved too strong for them and the 
expedition was abandoned. (§ 331.) 

Naval Evekts. 

327. During the war a strong feeling had grown up 
against Great Britain for permitting the Confederate 
government to fit out vessels from British ports. These 
vessels were really British ships, with British crews, and 
built chiefly with British money, though commanded by 
Confederate officers ; and we shall see that the matter 
ultimately became a source of serious difficulty between 
the Federal and British governments (§§ 347, 348). 

328. There were some seven of these, besides many 
privateering vessels, a number of which it was claimed 
had been fitted out in Great Britain. This year witnessed 
the destruction of the worst of all of them, the Alabama, 
She had been built in Liverpool, and the British govern- 
ment permitted her every opportunity to escape in 1862. 
She had damaged many millions worth of property, and 
was looked upon with terror. '- On June 19, she engaged 
with the steamer Kearsarge, and after a short battle was 
sunk near the French coast. Semmes escaped. 

In the fall of 1864 Lincoln was re-elected President, and 



* She was commanded by Capt, Semmes, who had previously commanded the 
privateer Sumter, which was driven into Cadiz harbor in 1862, and had to be 
sold to avoid being captured. 



110 FOUETH FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1850-1865. 

Andrew Johnson, Vice-President, over General McClellan 
the Democratic candidate. 

SUMMARY, 1 864.— The work accomplished this year was as follows : — 
(1) Richmond was placed virtnally in a sti^te of siege, defended by the works at 
Petersbui-o:, where Lee was penned up by Grant's forces ; h) Johnston's army in 
Georgia had been almost destroyed and Atlanta and Savannah were occupied ; 
(3) The port of Mobile had been closed ; (4) The Alabama had been destroyed. 

The Campaign in Virginia :— Grant, who was now chief in command, 
sent Sigel up the Shenandoah in May— He was defeated and succeeded by Hunter, 
who defeated the Confederates at Piedmont, but was compelled to withdraw.— 
Gen. Grant had left Washington, and Lee, taking advantage of this, sent Early 
into Pennsylvania. Early burned Chambersburg and returned to join Lee.— 
Grant was met in the Wilderness by Lee, whom he twice endeavored to outflank 
without success. — Lee then intrenched himself at Petersburg, June, where 
Grant besieged him.— This was really the siege of Richmond. 

The Campaign in Georgia and Tennes.see : — When Grant was 
appointed General-in-Chief of the whole army, Sherman took his place.— 
Sherman moved forward to attack Atlanta in May.— He was opposed by Johnston 
in several battles in which the Union troops were victorious (June to Sept.). 
Johnston fell back to Atlanta.— Shortly afterwards he was removed from com- 
mand and Gen, Hood substituted. — Hood was quite as unsuccessful, however, and 
was forced to abandon Atlanta Sept. 2. — Hood then went into Tennessee, closely 
watched by Gen. Thomas.— At Nashville Gen. Thomas attacked and almost com- 
pletely destroyed Hood's army, Dec. 15.— Meanwhile (Nov. 13 to Dec.) Sherman 
had marched to Atlanta, which was taken possession of, Dec. 21. (For other 
events see text.) 



QUESTIONS ON THE YEAR 1864. 

Recite the events of 1864.— 318. Wltere had Sherman gone in 18G3 ?— Where 
then did he go ?— W^hat changes were made in command ?— W^hat was the situa- 
tion in regard to the Confederate army?— W'hat was now the plan ?— Grant's 
Campaign : 319. What was Grant's first operation ?— What happened to this 
expedition?- 320. What had Grant himself done ?— What did Lee do ?— Describe 
Early's movements.— Who attacked him, and with what success ?— What did he 
then do, and with what success ?— 321. WTiat was the main army doing?— When 
was the first movement made ?— What battle occurred ?— What was Grant's next 
movement ?—Wliat occurred at Spottsylvania ?— What was Grant's next move- 
ment?— What battle occurred, and with what result?— 322. W^hat were the next 
movements of both generals ?— What can you say of the importance of Peters- 
burg?— What two attacks were made on the works, and with what success?- 
Recite that part of the Summary, p. 110, bearing on the Campaign in Virginia. 

323. What can you say of the importance of Georgia ?— What effect would its 
loss have?— Who moved against Georgia, and when ?— Of what importance was 
Atlanta?— Who opposed him (§ 318)?— With what success ?— Whom had John- 
ston succeeded (§ 312) ?— Where did Johnston now go ?— Who superseded him ?— 
What was Sherman's success in regard to Atlanta V— 324. Give Hood's next 
movements.— What occurred at Nashville ? — 325. What had Sherman begun 
meanwhile ?— What place did he attack, and when ?— How defended ?—W^hen 
was the fort taken, and when did Savannah surrender? 

326. What had occurred in Florida ?— What expedition was started in Louisi- 
ana ?— What of Mobile ? — WTiat expedition went against Wilmington ? — 32T, 



FOURTH FOUE ADMINISTEATIONS, 1850-1865. Ill 

What feeling against Gt. Britain had been growing up ?— What can you say of 
these vessels and their crews ? — Tell v^hat you can of the difficulties between the 
governments (§§ 347 and 348), and how f^ettled.— How many of these vessels were 
there ?— What occurred to one of them this year ?— What is said of her previous 
history ?— Who was her commander, and what of him (note) ?— How was she 
destroyed, where, and when ?— What of the Presidential election this year? — 
State, from the Summary, the work accomplished in 1864. Recite that part of 
the Summary bearing on Sherman's campaign. 

1865. 

lS65.—GranPs Army : Petersburg captured, April 3; Lee''s surrender^ 
April 0; Johnston^ s surrender, April 26. Shevtnnn's Aruiij : Fort Fisher 
captured, Feb. 2'i; Columbia, Ga., captured ; Charleston evacuated. 

329. Granfs Army. — During February and March 
Grant was busy cutting off Lee's communications with 
the country around Kichmond. At length Lee, who 
had grown desperate, planned a bold endeavor to join 
Johnston who w^as in North Carolina. Accordingly he 
made an attack on Fort Steadman, on Grant's right, with 
the intention of distracting the latter's attention and thus 
enabling the Confederate forces to retreat. This utterly 
failed (March 25) and only served to strengthen Grant's 
position. Sheridan then attacked Lee's forces in the rear at 
Five Forks, getting control of that position (April 1). On 
the 2d of April a grand assault was made on the Confed- 
erate v/orks, and Petersburg was captured. Next day 
Eichmond was occupied. 

330. Lee retreated westward closely pursued by Grant 
and Sheridan, and on April 9, being hard pressed, he 
surrendered his army to General Grant at Appomattox 
Court-House. 

331. On the Coast. — A new attempt was made in Feb- 
ruary to capture Fort Fisher which guarded Wilmington, 
N. C. (§ 326). General Terry and Admiral Porter led the 
expedition, which, after severe fighting, was successful, 
Jan. 15. On Feb. 22 (Washington's birthday), AYilming- 
ton was occupied by the Union troops. 

332. Sherman's Army. — Li February General Sherman 
moved north into South Carolina. He entered Columbia, 



112 FOURTH FOUR ADMINISTRATIOKS, 1850-1865. 

Feb. 17. On the same day Charleston was evacuated, 
being menaced by the Union forces. Sherman continued 
on into North Carolina and occupied Fayetteville and 
Goldsboro'. General Johnston was at the capital, Raleigh, 
awaiting Sherman's approach. On hearing of the news 
of Lee's surrender he made terms with Sherman, and on 
April 26 he surrendered his army. This and Lee's sur- 
render virtually terminated the war, though it was nearly 
two months before all fighting ceased. 

333. The news of the surrender of Lee produced the 
wildest joy in the North, which was speedily followed by 
great sorrow ; for on April 14, the evening of the anniver- 
sary of the evacuation of Fort Sumter in 1861, President 
Lincoln was shot in a theater at Washington by a Con- 
federate named Booth. He died next day. The Secretary 
of State, Mr. Seward, was severely wounded by another 
assassin about the same time, while lying sick at home. 
Booth was shot when on the point of being ca23tured, and 
several of his accomplices were hung. 

SUMMARY, 1 S 65 .—Grant cut off Lee's communications and then captured 

Petersburs-, April 2.— Next day Richmond was occupied.— Lee was pursued to 
Appomattox C. H. where he surrendered, April 9.— Sherman, coming north from 
Savannah, into South Carolina, at ouce entered Columbia, and frightened 
the Confedcatea out of Charleston, which was evacuated on Feb, 17.— Then 
coming Into North Carolina he captured fayetteville and Goldsboro'.— On April 
26, Johnston, who was at Raleigh, surrendered to him.— On April 15, Lincoln 
died from the effects of a wound received at the hands of an assassin the night 
before. 



QUESTIONS ON THE YEAR 1865. 

Eecite the events of this year, with dates.— What place was Grant besieging 
(§ 322).— How was he busied during March ?— Locate Petersburg.— What did Lee 
at last plan ?~How did he carry this out?— What was its success ?— What did 
Sheridan then do?— What was accomplished Aprils?— What did this lead to? 
(§ 322.)— 330. Where did Lee go ?— What was he forced to do, where, and when? 
—Locate Appomattox C. H.— 3:31. What can you say of the operations against 
Wilmington ? — What had been done about it the year before ?— (Where was Sher- 
man's army at the beginning of the year? §325.) 332. Where did Sherman 
move?— What cities were taken in S. C. ?— Where did Sherman then go?— 
Where was Johnston ?— What did he do ?— What was the effect of Lee's and 
Johnston's surrender?— How was the news of Grant's success received in the 
North ?— What great disaster shortly befell the nation ?— Who also was attacked ? 
—What of Booth ?— Recite the Summai^ of 1865. 



FOURTH FOUR ADMINISTRATION'S, 1850-1865. 113 

General Vieiv of the War, ISO 1-1865 > 

334. (1) The seceding states were those on the coast 
from Virginia to Texas, with Tennessee and Arkansas — 
in all eleven. They were of course all slave states. (2) 
With the exception of a few hurried raids, the war was 
confined within the limits of these states; the South 
fought a defensive war. (3) A line stretching from Wash- 
ington southwest to Missouri will roughly indicate the 
northwest line of Confederate defense in 1861. In 1862 
the lower end of this line was moved south as far as 
Vicksburg by the withdrawal of the Confederate forces 
to the south and east. In 1863 the capture of Chattanooga 
and Vicksburg swept the line still further around toward 
the south. The next year we find that Sherman split the 
Confederacy in two by his march to the sea and brought 
the line around to Savannah, with a bend at Chattanooga. 
The Confederate forces were being steadily swept before 
the Union army. {See map of the luar, p. 90.) (4) In 
the meantime the South had lost port after port until at 
the beginning of 1864 Wilmington was the only one left 
to them. (5) In the east, for the first three years, the 
operations against Richmond were a failure. In 1864 
Lee's army was penned up in Petersburg, and in 1865 
forced to surrender. This brought on the surrender of 
all other Confederate forces within two montlis. (6) The 
war was enormously expensive ; it cost the Government 
upwards of 13,000,000,000, the debt of which is now grad- 
ually being paid off. (7) The rebellion was put down 
only by a frightful sacrifice of human life. Upwards of 
lialf a million men were killed on both sides, and thou- 
sands of others maimed or crippled. (8) It left the South 
utterly prostrated, its cities many of them destroyed, its 
railroads torn up, its plantations mere wastes, its trade 
ruined, its population demoralized and dispirited, and in 



114 QUESTIONS 02!^" FOUETH FOUR ADMIl^ISTRATION'S. 

the case of some states, in the hands of an ignorant mass 
of what previously had been slaves. (9) During the 
latter part of the war the sufferings of many of the 
Southern troops were terrible, recalling those of the 
American forces at Valley Forge and Morristown in the 
Eevolution. Whether one believes or not that they were 
fighting a wrong cause, one cannot but admire the true 
patriot courage with which they fought out to the bitter 
end what they were fully persuaded was a war for their 
rights. 

SUMMARY^ 1850-1865.— In Fillmore's administration the Omnibus 
Bill was passed, 1850.— This admitted California as a free state and settled a 
number of other questions.- It also provided for the capture of runaway slaves 
(Fugitive-Slave Law), a measure which caused much trouble in the North.— A 
Fisheries Treaty was concluded with GreatBritain.— Franklin Pierce, the Demo- 
cratic candidate, was elected in 1852. 

The Gadsden Purchase from Mexico gave us a large piece of territory (1853). 
—In 1854 a Treaty of Commerce was concluded with Japan.— In 1858 the Kansas- 
Nebraska Bill was passed, though opposed by the North.— This allowed the 
people of those territories to choose whether they should come in as free or 
slave states when they applied for admission.- The South and North both sent 
emigrants to Kansas, where a bloody civil war began, which lasted till 1861. 

In 1858 the Democrats were successful, and elected Buchanan, President.— In 
1859 John Brown seized the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and was hung for it, an 
event which caused a great deal of excitement. — Lincoln, the anti-slavery can- 
didate, was elected President in 1860, whereupon South Carolina and six other 
states seceded, Dec. 1860. Five others seceded in 1861. (See text.) 

Lincoln was inaugurated March 4, 1861.— Fort Sumter was evacuated April 
14, 1861.— Civil war ensued, lasting from 1861 to 1865, terminated by the sur- 
render of Lee at Appomattox C. H., Va., April 9, 1865, and of Johnston, at 
Raleigh, N. C, April 26.— Lincoln was shot April 14, and died April 15, 1865, 
Vice-President Johnson succeeding to the Presidency. 



QUESTIONS ON THE FOURTH FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS. 

Who were the fourth four Presidents ? (p. 84.)— When did each serve ?— 
When did Fillmore serve ?— Name, with dates, the chief events of his adminis- 
tration.— 269. Whom did Millard Fillmore succeed ?— What bill was passed in 
1850 ?— What was its object ?— What did it provide ? —What did the Fugitive-Slave 
Law result in ?— 270. What treaty was concluded 1852 ?— What did it provide ?— 
271. Who were the several candidates in the canvass of 1852?— What were the 
politics of each?— Who triumphed ?— Recite that portion of the Summary, p. 114, 
bearing on Fillmore's administration. 

W^hen did Pierce serve ?— Name the chief events of his administration, with 
(lates.— 272. With what country was a treaty concluded, and when ?— What did it 
provide ?— 197, 230, 261. What previous accessions of territory had been made by 
the United States ?— 342. What one has been made since ?— 273. What irreat ques- 
tion was now very prominent ?— What was the belief regarding it ?— Who greatly 
aggravated matters, and how?— 229. Recite the provisions of the Missouri Com- 



QUESTIOIs^S OK FOURTH FOUR ADMIiq-ISTRATIONS. 115 

promise of 1820.— 273. What did tlie Kansas-Nebraska Bill provide ?— What was 
the result in Congress ?— Throughout the country ?— What was iis success ?— Did 
this quiet matters ?— What was the feeling among the Kansas people ?— What 
occurred there ?— How long did these difficulties continue ?— 274. What can you 
say of the strength of the anti-slavery party ?— Of the Whig Party ?— What name 
did the anti-slavery party take ?— Who was the Republican nominee ?— The 
Democratic ?— Which won ?— Recite that portion of the Summanj, p. 114, bear- 
ing on Pierce's administration. 

When did Buchanan serve ?— Name, with dates, the chief events of his 
administration. —275. When was Buchanan inaugurated ? — What was his 
hope ?— Why was this hope a vain one ?— What soon occurred ?— Tell what you 
can of John Brown.— 276. What had meanwhile taken place ?— How many candi- 
dates were nominated?— What had occurred in the Democratic Party?— Whom 
did these factions put forward ?— 273. What part had Douglas taken in the slavery 
question ?— Who was the Republican candidate ?— Who was the other candidate ? 
—Who were elected President and Vice-President ?— 277. What threats had been 
made in the South ?— What was done in South Carolina as soon as Lincoln's 
election was ascertained ?— What occurred within six weeks ?— What action was 
taken in 1861 ?— Who were the chief officers ?— 278. What can you say of the new 
government and what it did ?— What did the Federal government do ?— What was 
Buchanan's position ?— What was the result of this inactivity ?— 279. What can 
you say of Charleston ? — Who commanded at Fort Moultrie ? — What was his 
position in regard to secession ?— What did he do with his force ?— What attempt 
was made to provision the fort?— How met?— 284. Was Fort Sumter finally 
saved to the Union ?— Recite that portion of the Summary (p. 114) bearing on 
Buchanan's administration. 

Recite the chief events of Lincoln's administration, with dates.— When did 
Lincoln serve ?— Who was the last previous President who had been elected a 
second time ?— 280. What was the real cause of the approaching Civil War ? — 
What relation did other questions bear to this ?— What can you say of the tariff? 
— Recite the substance of §233.— Of what value was the Missouri Compromise 
in arranging matters ? — Why did it not succeed ?— Give an account of the trouble 
in reirard to California's admission.— What view did the South hold in regard 
to the Union ?— How did the North look at this ?— What was the Southern 
doctrine called ?— What use did the Southern leaders make of this ?— 282. What 
conclusion were Southern men forced to reach?— Why? — What effect had the 
increase of population in the Northern states on the representation in Congress ? 
It gave the North the control of the House of Representatives, because the 
members of that body are chosen according to the popnlation of their respective 
states, one for every tfnrty thousand inhabitants. — Recite that part of Article I, 
Section II, of the Constitution, bearing on this point.— Why did this not affect 
the Senate in the same way? Because each state is entitled to ttoo Senators, and 
two only, regardless of size or population.— 'RecMe the part of Article I, Section III, 
of the Constitution, bearing on this point.— What was the Kansas-Nebraska Bill 
intended for ?— 273. Give the provisions of this bill.— 282. What was its result? 
— 283. What was done to preserve the Union?— With what effect ?— What were 
the Southern leaders sure of ?— What did they not believe?— What occurred that 
settled the direction of events ^—{For questions on the details of the Civil War, 
5e6pp. 94, 101,105, 110.) 

334. Which were the seceding states ?— Where was the war confined?— What 
kir)d of war was it on the part of the South ?— What was the line of defense in 
1861 ?— How was it changed in 1862 ?— In 1863 ?— How was it altered in 1864 ?— 



116 QUESTIOKS OIT FOURTH FOUR ADMIl^ISTRATIOXS. 

What of the Confederate coast?— What of the operations against Richmond ?— 
What occurred to the army defending that city in 1864 and 1865 ?— What was the 
result ?— What can you say of the cost of the war?— Wliat of the loi^s of life?— 
What hattle can you recollect in which upwards of 60,000 lives were lost ? (§ 315, 
note.)-~Iii what condition was the South left ? (Answer word for word.)— 
What can you say of the condition of the Southern army during the last years of 
the war ?— Recite that portion of the Summary, p. 114, bearing on Lincoln's 
administratiou. 

General.-Name the chief battles of 1861.— Of 1862.-Of 1863.-Of 1884.— 
Name, with dates, three battles fought on or near the Mississippi.— What was 
the chief point in east Tennessee ?— When was it finally captured ?— What were 
the two strongest points in Georgia ?— When captured and by whom ?— Name 
four leading Confederate generals.— Tell where the scene of the operations of 
each lay.— Name the generals who commanded the Army of the Potomac— What 
city was it the work of that army to capture ?— What were Grant's commands 
from 1861 to 1865 ?— In what section was the scene of Grant's operations until 
the beginning of 1864?— Name six leading Union generals during the war.— 
Name a battle in which each took part. 



LAST THREE ADMINISTRATIONS. 117 



LAST THREE ADMINISTRATIONS. 

Andrew Johnson, April 15, 1865-1869.— Ulysses S. Grant, 1869-1877.— Ruther- 
ford B. Hates, 1877. 

Johnson^s Adtninistration^ 1865-1869. 

Johnson inangurafed, April 15, 1865 ; 13th Amendment to the Constitution 
jytvclaimed, Dec. 18, 1865 ; Atlaiitic Cable laid, 1866 ; Purchase of Alaska, March., 
1867 ; French forces withdrawn from Mexico, May, 1867 ; Amnesty proclaimed to 
the South., Sept., 1867 ; President Johnson impeached, Jan. to May, 1868. 

335. Vice-President Johnson became President of the 
United States on the day of Lincoln's death April 15, 
1865. Prompt measures were taken to remove as far as 
possible the bitter feelings created by the war. In the 
same month all Southern ports were declared open to 
commerce; and later, all who were connected with the 
Southern cause, with a few exceptions, w^ere pardoned, 
on condition of taking oath of allegiance to the U. S. 
goyernment. 

336. President Johnson claimed that the seceding 
states, having no legal right to secede, were still in the 
Union, though unrepresented in Congress. He therefore 
urged the immediate reorganization of the various govern- 
ments. Most of the Confederate states took advantage of 
this and were dnly recognized by the President. In the 
meantime the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution 
had been ratified by twenty-seven states (three-fourths of 
the whole number), and became a law Dec. 18, 1865. 

337. When Congress met, in the winter following, it 
was speedily seen that a very great difference of opinion 
regarding the admission of the seceding states existed 
between the President and Congress. The latter claimed 
that as these states had by their own act forfeited their 



118 LAST THEEE ADMT:N-ISTRATI0KS. 

right to representation, Congress must determine the 
terms on which they should be readmitted ; while John- 
son claimed that to admit that they were out of the Union 
was to admit their right to leave. 

338. Congress however set aside much of Johnson's 
action in the matter of organizing the states, and when 
Johnson vetoed two bills bearing on the question, Congress 
passed them over his veto. Congress also passed a bill 
depriving the President of the right to remove any one 
from office without the Senate's consent. This is called 
the Tenure-of- Office Bill, and was looked upon by John- 
son as an intentional interference with his authority. It 
was also passed over his veto; and in 1867 Congress 
passed the bill arranging for the admission of the seceding 
states. This too was vetoed and repassed. 

339. The quarrel grew worse and worse until in Feb., 
1868, Johnson attempted to remove Mr. Stanton, Sec- 
retary of War, without the concurrence of the Senate. 
Upon this, he was impeached by the House of Represent- 
atives. The trial, which took place according to the Con- 
stitution before the Senate, lasted nearly five months and 
resulted in the acquittal of Johnson. 

340. During the war the French Government had sent 
troops to Mexico for the purpose of assisting one side in 
a revolution which was then in progress. With this 
assistance the revolution came speedily to an end, and 
Maximilian, Archduke of Austria, was made Emperor. 
To permit this did not accord with the Monroe doctrine 
(§ 231), and at the close of the Civil War, the U. S. gov- 
ernment formally insisted on the withdrawal of the 
French soldiers. This being done, the result was the 
downfall of Maximilian, who was shot (June 19, 1867) 

341. In 1858 three attempts had been made to lay a 
telegraph cable across the Atlantic, but they proved 
failures, as far as its working was concerned. Three more 



LAST THREE ADMI^-ISTRATIOKS. llO 

endeavors were made, the third of which proved success- 
ful in 1866. The line runs from Valentia, Ireland, to 
Newfoundland. Since then another cable has been laid 
between Massachusetts and France. 

342. In 1867 the portion of the continent known as 
Eussian America, or Alaska, was purchased for $7,500,000 
from the Eussian Grovernment. 

343. In 1868 General Ulysses S. Grant Vv^as elected 
President and Schuyler Colfax, Vice-President. Governor 
Seymour of New York was the Democratic candidate for 
President. 

Grant's Adininistration^ ISGO-tS't't. 

Grant inaugurated, March 4, 1869 ; Pacific R. R. opened. May 10, 1869 ; 15th 
Amendment proclaimed, March 30, 1870; Chicago and Boston fires, 1871, 1872; 
Grant re-elected, 1872 ; Modoc War. 1873 ; Alabama claims settled, 1873; Panic 
o/'1873; Colorado admitted, July A, 1875; Sioux War, 1875-1876; Centennial 
Celebration, May-Nov., 1876; Presidential election, 1876; Electoral Commission 
appointed, Jan. 31, 1877 ; Hayes and Wheeler declared elected, 1877. 

344. The first important event under Grant's adminis- 
tration was the completion of the first railroad which 
afforded unbroken communication between the eastern 
and western coasts. This road, known as the Pacific 
Eailroad, had been many years in course of construction, 
and was opened to the public on May 10, 1869, with 
appropriate ceremonies. It is now called the Central 
Pacific to distinguish it from others in course of building. 

■345. On March 30, 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment to 
the Constitution became a law. This removed the last 
traces of slavery by affirming the right of all citizens to 
vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of 
slavery. The Emancipation Proclamation (§ 317) and the 
Thirteenth Amendment (§ 336) had granted liberty to 
the slaves ; the Fifteenth gave them the highest privilege 
of citizens. 

346. In Oct. 1871, a terrible fire occurred at Chicago, in 



120 LAST THREE ADMIKISTRATIOKS. 

which property estimated at 1300,000,000 is stated to have 
been destroyed ; and about a year after, the business por- 
tion of Boston suffered in the same manner to the extent 
of 1100,000,000. In Nov. 3 872, General Grant was re- 
elected President, with Henry Wilson as Vice-President, 
over Horace Greeley the Democratic candidate. 

347. In 1873 several questions which had threatened 
a war with Great Britain were adjusted. In 18G8 an 
endeavor had been made to induce that country to make 
some amends for the damage done to our commerce by 
the Confederate cruisers (§§ 327, 328) fitted out in British 
ports. This attempt failed, as did another also in 1870. 
In 1871 a treaty was concluded, by which both govern- 
ments agreed to refer to a court of arbitration appointed 
by various other nations the points in dispute. These 
were : 1. The Alabama question (as it was called) ; 2. The 
Fisheries question (§270), which had again come up; 
3. The navigation of the St. Lawrence ; 4. The northwest 
boundary of the U. S. (§ 265), which was again making 
trouble. 

348. This Court of Arbitration met at Geneva, Switzer- 
land, and after a careful hearing, rendered their decision 
in the summer of 1873. Great Britain was to pay to the 
United States $15,500,000 gold for damages done to 
American commerce by the Alabama and other similar 
vessels; the Northwest boundary was adjusted so as to 
give the whole of San Juan island to the United States ; 
the question of the navigation of the St. Lawrence was 
arranged satisfactorily; and the rights of United States 
fishermen in British waters better defined. The money 
award was all paid by Sept. 1873.* 



* This inethoci of settlir)2: the dispiitecl questions was a grreat savinp: even to 
Great Britain, notwithstanding that the main points were decided against her. 
A war would have cost each side many times the money involved, besides great 
loss of life. 



LAST THKEE ADMTNISTBATIOI^S. 121 

349. In the fall of 1873 a serious financial crisis oc- 
curred, similar to that of 1837 (§ 242), though not nearly 
so disastrous, nor so widespread. It was caused mainly 
by the overtrading induced by the high prices resulting 
from the war ; and it was many months before confi- 
dence returned. 

350. In 1876, the Centennial year of American Inde- 
pendence, the nation celebrated its hundredth anniversary 
by a great exhibition of the products of the world's in- 
dustry. Preparations for this had been in progress for 
several years, and the exhibition was held in Philadelphia 
from May 10 to November 10. Nearly every nation of 
the world was represented in it, and thousands of people 
flocked to see it. On July 4, of the same year, Colorado 
was admitted as the 38th state. 

351. In 1876 the election for President took place. 
The candidate of the Eepublicans was Grovernor Euther- 
ford B. Hayes, of Ohio, and that of the Democrats was 
Governor Samuel J. Tilden, of New York. The contest 
was a very close one, and after the election there arose a 
question as to the vote in several states. From these there 
were double returns sent to the Senate, both sets of 
electors claiming to have been elected. Tilden received 
184 electoral votes,* but whether Hayes had received the 

* To understand this, the pupil should recollect that the President and Vice- 
President are not elected by the direct votes of the people, as the governor of a 
state is, Eiich state, according to its population, is entitled to a certain number 
of Presidential Electors {see Article 77, § 1, of the Constitution.) At the election, 
the people vote for electors. The electors of each state so chosen, meet together 
in their state, and vote for President and Vice-President. The result of their 
balloting is sent to Washington, where, on a certain day, the returns from each 
state are opened in the presence of the Senate, and counted. Every elector's vote 
counts one, and as population increases, the number of electors also increases; 
at the time of the election of Hayes the Electoral College (as the whole number 
of electors is termed) comprised 369 electors. A majority of all the electoral 
votes is necessary to the election of President and Vice-President ; and if there 
are so many candidates voted for that no one receives more than half of the 
electoral votes, there is no el'^ction, and the matter is settled by the House of 
Representatives. John Quincy Adams was elected in this way (§232). In the 



122 LAST THEEE ADMINISTRATION'S. 

remaining 185 was uncertain. Great fears of civil war 
were entertained. Congress passed a law in Januar}^, 
1877, referring the whole matter to an Electoral Commis- 
sion of fifteen men. By this law, every decision of the 
Commission was to be final unless both houses of Con- 
gress should concur in setting it aside. On March 2 it 
was announced that Hayes and Wheeler had received 185 
electoral votes, and were therefore elected by a majority 
of one. 

352. Indian Affairs. — In 1873 the Modoc Indians in 
Oregon left their reservation and broke out into war. 
With considerable difficulty they were finally subdued, 
the same year. In 1875 the Sioux Indians in the Black 
Hills, Dakota, became suspicious of the surveying parties 
in that region and also went to war. General Custer, a 
cavalry officer who had greatly distinguished himself in 
previous Indian wars, was surprised the following summer 
and killed with nearly all his force. Energetic measures 
were at once taken to avenge this, but the Sioux hastily 
fled into the British possessions. 

Mayes^s Administration^ 1877 . 

Inauguration of Hayes, March 5, 1877 ; Nez Perces War, 1877 ; Great Bail- 
road strike, 18 T7 ; Silver Bill passed, 1873 ; Fisheries Award, 1878. 

353. President Hayes was publicly inaugurated March 
5, 1877, the 4th falling on Sunday. He had privately 
taken the oath of office the day before, however. 

351. In June, 1877, the Nez Perces {naij pairsay) In- 
dians, exasperated at the wrongs they had endured from 

case of the election of 1876 there -were two states in which both sets of electors, 
Democratic and Republican, claimed to have been elected. Each set met, and 
having cast their votes for their respective candidates, sent the returns to Wash- 
ington as the only correct ones. There would not have been much trouble if the 
election had not been so close ; but only one vote was sufficient to turn the scale 
one way or the other ; hence the difficulty, which was finally settled in the man- 
ner explained in the text. 



LAST THREE ADMINISTRATIONS. 123 

the whites, went to war. After a struggle of about two 
months they were compelled to submit. 

355. In July of the same year the engineers and other 
employees on the great railroads leading to the west, par- 
ticularly those in Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, Penn- 
sylvania and New York, combined in a general strike. 
They not only refused to work, but stopped trains, tore 
up portions of the track and succeeded for a time in 
blocking the traffic over these roads. There was rioting 
in Pittsburgh, Scranfcon, and other places, and in several 
states it was found necessary to call out the militia to put 
down the disturbance. Within a month affairs had once 
more become settled. 

356. The fisheries question had again furnished cause 
for difficulty between Great Britain and the United 
States, to settle which a joint commission was appointed. 
This body met at Halifax, and after due deliberation de- 
cided Nov. 23, 1877, that the United States should pay to 
Great Britain $5,500,000 for injuries done to British 
interests. 

357. The value of silver had, within the previous four 
or five years, considerably diminished. Congress, seeing 
in this an opportunity to pay off the national debt at a 
considerably reduced rate, passed a law to the effect that 
the silver dollar should be a legal tender for all debts, 
public or private. It was vetoed by President Hayes, 
but was repassed over his veto in February, 1878. 

SUMMARY, 1865-1 878. -Johnson was inaugurated April 15, 1865.— He 
proceeded to reorganize the south on his own plan, but presently found himself 
strongly opposed by Congress.— He vetoed several measures, but they were 
promptly repassed over his vetoes ; one of these was the Tenure-of-Ofiice Bill 
(see text).— Later, Congress passed a bill settling the terms on which the seced- 
ing states might be readmitted.— This was also vetoed and repassed. — At length 
an attempt on Johnson's part to remove Secretary Stanton without consent of 
Congress led to his impeachment, which failed after a long trial.— In 1867 Alaska 
was purchased from Russia for $7,500,000.— In 186S Grant'was elected President. 

firant's A<hni iii.strafion.—ln 1869 the Pacific Railroad was completed, 
and in 1870 the 15th Amendment guaranteeing the right of suflYage to Negroes 
became a law.— In 1873 the Court of Arbitration, to which the Alabama claims 
and other questions had been referred, decided nearly everything in favor of the 



124 QUESTIONS OK LAST THREE ADMUflSTRATIONS. 

United States, and ordered that Great Britain pay $15,000,009 to this government. 
— In 1S72 Grant was re-elected.— In 187(3 the Centennial of American Independ- 
ence was celebrated by a great international exhibition at Philadelphia.— The 
same year the election for President took place.— This resulted doubtfully, and 
the question was referred to an Electoral Commission, which decided that Gov. 
Hayes, the Republican nominee, had been elected. {See text and note, p. 121.) 

In 1877 a railroad strike occurred, which resulted in considerable noting and 
bloodshed. — A. commission to settle the fisheries question which had arisen 
witli Great Britain decided against the U. S. in 1877, and ordered the payment of 
$5,500,000 to Great Britain, for damages.— Silver money was made a legal tender 
for all debts by a bill passed over the President's veto early in 1878. 



QUESTIONS ON THE LAST THREE ADMINISTRATIONS. 

Name with terras of service the last three Presidents.— Give the chief events 
of Johnson's administration, with dates.— 335. When did Johnson become Presi- 
dent ?— What measures were taken ?— What was done in April ?— What was done 
later?— 336. What was Johnson's idea regarding the seceding states ?— What did 
he urge?— What did many of the states do ?— What became a law meanwhile, 
and when ?— 337. What was made evident when Congress met? — What was the 
view of most congressmen on the subject ?— What was still Johnson's view of 
the matter ?— 338. What did Congress do in regard to Johnson's action ?— What 
next occurred ?— What bill limiting the President's power was then passed?— 
What is it called?— How did Johnson regard it?— How did it become law?— 
What important bill was passed in 1867, and how ?— 339. How did matters con- 
tinue, and what brought them to a crisis?— What did the House of Representa- 
tives thereupon do ?— What can you say of the trial and its result ?— Recite that 
part of the Constitution bearing on impeachment. {See Art. I,%S, of Constitu- 
tion.)— S40. What had the French government done during tlie Civil War? — 
What was its result ?— What principles did this conflict with? — (231. What was 
the Monroe doctrine ?)— What, therefore, did this government demand ?— What 
was the result?— 341. What had been attempted in 1853, and with what success? 
What other efforts were made ?— What is the direction of the line ?— What other 
line has also been laid?— 312. What addition to the Federal territory was made 
in 1867 ?— Give, with dates, all the accessions to U. S. territory since 1789. {See 
p. 127.)— 343. Who were elected President and Vice-President in 1868?— Of what 
party were they?— Who was the Democratic candidate? Recite that portion of 
the Summary, p. 123, bearing on Johnson's Administration. 

When did Grant serve ?— Recite the events of his administration, with dates. 
—344. \\niat was the first important event of his administration ?— What did this 
afford?— What can you say of it, and when was it opened?— What is it now 
called ?— 345. What was become a law in 1870 ?— What were its provisions ?— How- 
had the condition of sbves improved since 1861? — 346. What occurred in 
Chicago ?-In Boston ?-What of the election of 1872 ?— 347. What were settled in 
1873?— What endeavor had been made in 1868?— With what sticcess ?— What 
was arranged in 1871 ?— ^\Tiat were the points in dispute ?— 348. When and where 
did the court meet ?— When did they come to a decision ?— How was each point 
settled ?— What can you say of the promptness of the British government in 
paying the award?— 349. What occurred in 1S73 ?— How did it compare with that 
of 1837?— (§242. Tell what you can of the Panic of 1837?)— How was the Hun- 
dredth Anniversary of American Independence celebrated ?— What can you say 
Qf the preparations, and when it was held ?— Of its success ?— What state was 



QUESTIONS ON" LAST THREE ADMIKISTKATIONS. l25 

admitted?— 351. Who were the candidates for President in 1876 ? What of the 
canvass ?— What doubt arose concerning the election ?— What were received by 
the Senate ?— Read carefully the note on pp. 121 and 122, and give in your own 
words a statement of the difficulty.— How many electoral votes had Tilden ?— 
What of Hayes ?— Recite that part of Art. II, § 1, of the Constitution bearing on 
this question.— How did Congress meet the difficulty ?— What was the arrange- 
ment? — What was the result? — What Indian troubles broke out in 1873?— How 
subdued? — What one in 1875?— What was the chief event?— What measures 
were taken, and with what result ? Recite that portion of the Summary, p. 123, 
bearing on Grant's Administration. 

Recite the events of Hayes's administration, with dates.— 353. What can you 
say of Hayes's inauguration ? —What Indian troubles occurred in 1877?— How put 
down ?— 355. What strike rook place the same year ?— What did the strikers do? 
— What can you say of their proceedings in certain cities ? — What was it found 
necessary to do ? — 356. What old question again came up ? — (270. When had this 
come up before?) — What Avas done in regard to it this time?— What was de- 
cided ?— 357. What change in the value of silver had taken place ?— What did 
Congress do, and why ?— How was it made a law ?— Recite that part of the Sum- 
mary^ p. 124, bearing on Hayes's Administration. 



ACCESSIONS OF TEKRITORY SIKCE 1787. 127 



ACCESSIONS OF TEHRITORY SINCE 1787. 

See map on the opposite page. 

I. The Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (§196), from which 
have been made the 9 states of Oregon, Colorado, Kansas, 
Nebraska, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana ; 
and the 6 territories of Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyo- 
ming, Dakota, Indian. (Only a part of Colorado was formed 
from this tract ; the remainder coming from the territory 
acquired in 1848.) It has been noticed that, in Polk's 
Administration (§ 265), some trouble arose concerning the 
right to Oregon, which was claimed by both Great Britain 
and the United States. The district in dispute extended 
north to nearly 55° N. latitude. This government based its 
claim on an exploration of the region in 1805 and on the 
fact that it had been understood to be a part of Louisiana. 
The matter was settled by making 49° the boundary. 
II. The Florida Purchase, 1819 (§ 230), out of which was 
made the state of Florida. 

III. The Texas Annexation, 1845 (§251), which was ad- 

mitted as a state. 

IV. The Tract Acquired by Conquest and Purchase, 

1848, from Mexico (§262). From this were made the 2 
states of California and Nevada ; the territory of Utah ; and 
the original New Mexico territory, since much altered 
and now including part of 
V. The Gadsden Purchase, 1853 (§272), which formed 
with other land the original Arizona territory. (Arizona 
territory at present includes a large part of the old New 
Mexico territory. The boundary line between the two 
originally ran from west to east instead of from north to 
south.) 
VI. The Alaska Purchase, 1867 (§ 342), which has not yet 
been put under territorial government. 






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ADMISSION OF STATES 



1 

No. 


STATES. 


•< 


In whose 
auministra- 

TION. 


55 S 


From what formed. 




New Hampshire... 

Massachusetts 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 


1776- 

4i 


Original 
13 States. 


Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Slave. 
Slave. 
Slave. 
Slave, 
Slave. 
Slave. 


£ SO 

g z 

<o a 

1 


Maryland 


Virginia 


North Carolina 

South Carolina . . . 
Georgia 


14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
86 
37 
38 




1791 

1792 - 

1796 

1802 

1812) 

1816) 

18171 

1818 

1819 ■ 

1820 

1821. 

1836 

1837 

1845" 

1845 

1846 

1848. 

1850 

1858) 

1859) 

1861 

1863 - 

1864 

1867 

1876 


Washington. 

Jefferson. 
Madison. 

Monroe. 

Jackson. 
Van Buren. 

Polk. 

Fillmore. 
Buchanan. 

Lincoln. 

Johnson. 
Grant. 


Free. 
Slave, 
Slave. 
Free. 
Slave. 
Free. 
Slave. 
Free. 
Slave. 
Free. 
Slave. 
Slave. 
Free. 
Slave. 
Slave. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
Free. 


New York. 
Virginia. 
North Carolina. 
Original Territory. 
Louisiana Purchase. 
Original Territory. 
Original Territory. 
Original Territory. 
Original Territory. 
Massachusetts. 
Louisiana Purchase. 
Louisiana Purchase. 
Original Territory. 
Florida Purchase. 
Annexed. 

Louisiana Purchase. 
Original Territory. 
Conquest from Mex. 
Louisiana Purchase. 
Louisiana Purchase. 
Louisiana Purchase. 
Virginia. 

Conquest from Mex.| 
Louisiana Purchase. 
Louisiana Purchase. 




Tennessee 


Ohio 


Louisiana 


Indiana 

Mississippi 

Illinois 


Maine 


Arkansas 




Florida 


Texas 


Iowa 


Wisconsin 

California 


Oreo'on 




West Virginia 


Nebraska 

Colorado 







Observe that by 1820, all the territory east of the Mis^^issippi had come under 
State governments. Louisiana was the only State west of that river in that year, 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Adopted by the Constitutional Convention Sept. 17, 1787, 
and going into effect march 4, 1 789. 



PREAMBLE. 



WE, the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, 
establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common 
defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to our- 
selves and our posterity, do ordain and estabUsh this Constitution for the United 
States of America. 

ARTICLE I, 

§ I. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the 
United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 

§ 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen 
every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each 
State shall have the qualitications requisite for electors of the most numerous 
branch of the State Legislature. 

No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of 
twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who 
shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 

Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States 
which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, 
which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, 
including those bound to service for a term of years and excluding Indians not 
taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made 
within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, 
and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by 
law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty 
thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative : and until such 
enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to 
choose three ; Massachusetts, eight ; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, 
one; Connecticut, five; New York, six; New Jeisey, four; Pennsylvania, 
eight ; Delaware, one ; Mar\'land, six ; Virginia, ten ; North Carolina, five ; 
South Carolina, five ; and Georgia, three. 

When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive 
authority thereof shall Issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers ; 
and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

1 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

§ 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from 
each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years ; and each senator 
shall have one vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, 
they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the 
senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year ; 
of the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year ; and of the third class, at 
the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second 
year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess 
of the Legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary ap- 
pointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such 
vacancies. 

No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty 
years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, 
when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 

The Vice-President of the United States shall be president of the Senate, but 
shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempoi-e^ 
in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of 
President of the United States. 

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments : When sitting 
for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of 
the United States is tried, the Chief-Justice shall preside : and no person shall be 
convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 

Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal 
from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or 
profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be 
liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according 
to law. 

§ 4. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and repre- 
sentatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof ; but the 
Congress may at anv time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to 
the places of choosing senators. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting 
shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a 
diiferent day. 

§ 5. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications 
of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do 
business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from, day to day, and may be 
authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and 
under such penalties, as each house may provide. 

Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members 
for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time pub- 
lish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy, 
and the yeas and nays of the members of cither house on anv question shall, at 
the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 

Neither house, durinq: the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of 
the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in 
which the two houses shall be sitting. 

S 



THE COI^STITUTIOI^ OF THE UNITED STATES. 

§ 6. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their, 
services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United 
States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace 
be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective 
houses, and ingoing to and returning from the same; and for any speech or 
debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

No senator or representative shall, durmg the time for which he was elected, 
be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which 
shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, 
during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, 
shall be a member ot either house during his continuance in office. 

§ 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representa- 
tives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 

Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the 
Senate, shall, betore it become a law, be presented to the President of the United 
States ; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his 
objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the 
objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such 
reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be 
sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise 
be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a 
law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas 
and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be 
entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be 
returned by the President within ten days (Sunday excepted) after it shall have 
been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed 
it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it 
shall not be a law. 

Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and 
House of Representatives maybe necessary (except on a question of adjourn- 
ment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the 
same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, 
shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

§ 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, 
and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general 
welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform 
throughout the United States ; 

To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and 
with the Indian tribes ; 

To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject 
of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the 
standard of weights and measures ; 

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin 
of the United States ; 

To establish post-offices and post-roads ; 

To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for limited 
times, to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings 
and discoveries ; 

3 



THE CONSTITUTION^ OF THE UNITED STATES. 

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 

To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and 
offences against the law of nations ; 

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concern- 
ing captures on land and water ; 

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall 
be for a longer term than two years ; 

To provide and maintain a navy ; 

To make rules for tiie government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; 

To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, sup- 
press insurrections and repel invasions ; 

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for govern- 
ing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, 
reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the 
authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; 

To exercise exclusive legislation m all cases whatsoever over such district (not 
exceeding ten miles square) as may, by ces;ion of particular States, and the 
acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, 
and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the 
Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, 
magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings ;— And 

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execu- 
tion the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in 
the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. 

§ 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now 
existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress 
prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may 
be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when 
in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety maj^ require it. 

No bill of attainder or e.x-post-facto law shall be passed. 

No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the 
census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 

No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the 
ports of one State over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one 
State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropria- 
tions made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and 
expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : And no person 
holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the 
Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind what- 
ever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

§ 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; grant 
letters of mark and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit; make anything 
but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, 
ex-post-facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title 
of nobility. 

No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any impost or duties 

4 



THE COI^STITUTIOK OF THE UNITED STATES. 

on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its 
inspeciion laws ; and the net produce of all duties and impost, laid by any State 
on imports or exports, shall be tor the use of the treasury of the United States ; 
and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 

No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep 
troops, or ships-of-war, in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact 
with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually 
invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

§ I. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States 
of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together 
with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows : 

Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, 
a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives 
to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no senator or repre- 
sentative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, 
shall be appointed an elector. 

[Tlie electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two 
persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with 
themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the 
number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit 
sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the presi- 
dent of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes 
shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be 
the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an 
equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately 
choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a majority, 
then from the five highest on the list the said house shall, in like manner, choose 
the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by 
States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this 
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and 
a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after 
the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of 
the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more 
who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice- 
President.] {Amended in 1804; see Xllih Aiiiefidynetit.) 

The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on 
which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the 
United States. 

No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at 
the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of 
President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have 
attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years resident within 
the United States. 

In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, 
or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall 
devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the 
case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice- 

6 



THE CON"STITUTIOI!r OF THE UNITED STATES. 

President, declaring what officer shall then act as President ; and such officer 
shall act accordingly until the disability be removed, or a President shall be 
elected. 

The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation 
which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he 
shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other 
emolument from the United States, or any of them. 

Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath 
or affirmation: — "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute 
the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, 
preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." 

§ 2. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the 
United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual 
service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the prin- 
cipal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to 
the duties of their respective offices : and he shall have power to grant reprieves 
and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeach- 
ment. 

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to 
make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur ; and he shall 
nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall appoint 
ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, 
and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein 
otherwise provided for, and which shall be established bylaw ; but the Congress 
may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, 
in the President alone, in the courts oflaw, or in the heads of departments. 

The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during 
the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end 
of tlieir next session. 

§ 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state 
of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall 
judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene 
both houses, or either of them, and in cas3 of disagreement between them with 
respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall 
think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall 
take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the 
officers of the United States. 

§ 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, 
shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, 
bribery, or other high crjnaes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. 

§ I. The judicial po'^ver of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme 
Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain 
and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold 
their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for tlieir 
services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance 
in office. 



THE COXSTITUtlOis" OF THE UNITED STATES. 

§ 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising 
under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or 
which shall be made, under their authorit}^ ; — to all cases affecting ambassadors, 
other public ministers, and consuls ;— to all cases of admiralty and maritime 
jurisdiction ;— to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ;— to 
controversies between two or more States ;— between a State and citizens of 
another State ;— between citizens of different States ; — between citizens of the 
same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, 
or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and 
those in which a State shall be part}', the Supreme Court shall have original 
jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall 
have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and 
under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury ; and 
such trial shall be held m the State v/here the said crimes shall have been com- 
mitted ; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place 
or places as the Congress may by law have directed. 

§ 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in le\'yiiig war against 
them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 

No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two wit- 
nesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no 
attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during 
the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

§ I. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, 
and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress ma}' by general 
laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be 
proved, and the effect thereof. 

§ 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities 
of citizens in the several States. 

A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall 
flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the execu- 
tive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to 
the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, 
escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be 
discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the 
party to whom such service or labor may be due. 

§ 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no 
new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State ; 
nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, 
without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the 
Congress, 

The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and 
regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United 

7 



TflE CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STA.TES. 

States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any 
claims of the United States, or of any particular State. 

§ 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a repub- 
lican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and 
on application of the Legislature, or of the executive (w^hen the Legislature can 
not be convened), against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two- thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, 
shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the 
Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for pro- 
posing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and pur- 
poses, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three- 
fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the 
one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; pro- 
vided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand 
eight hundred and eight shall in any manner aflFect the first and fourth clauses in 
the ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall 
be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICIiE VI. 

All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this 
Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, 
as under the confederation. 

This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in 
pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the 
authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the 
judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or 
laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the 
several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the 
United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to 
support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a quali- 
fication to any office or public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the 
establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. 

Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the 
seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
seven hundred and eightv-seven, and of the independence of the 
United States of America the twelfth. 



THE CONSTITUTION OF TSE UNITED STATES. 

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION, 
With Date on which each became Law. 

I.— Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or 
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of 
the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the 
government for redress of grievances. {^Dec. , 1791.) 

II.— A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, 
the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. {Dec, 1791.) 

III.— No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the 
consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by 
law. (Z>ffc., 1 79 1.) 

IV.— The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and 
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no 
warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, 
and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to 
be seized. {Dec, 1791-) 

v.— No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous 
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases 
arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual ser\'ice in 
time of war and public danger; nor shall any person be subject for tlie same 
offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any 
criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor to be deprived of life, liberty, 
or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for 
public use, without just compensation. {Dec, 1791.) 

VI. — In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy 
and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime 
shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained 
by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be 
confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for 
obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his 
defence. {Dec, 1791.) 

VII.— In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by 
a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than 
according to the rules of common law. {Dec, 1791.) 

VIII.— Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor 
cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. {Dec, 1791.) 

IX.— The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be con- 
strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. {Dec, 1791O 



THE C0NSTITUTI02C OF THE UNITED STATES. 

X.— The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor 
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the 
people. {Dec,^ i79i') 

XI.— The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend 
to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United 
States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign 
state. (1798.) 

XII. — The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for 
President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant 
of the same State with themselves j they shall name in their ballots the person 
voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-Presi- 
dent ; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and 
of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, 
which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the 
government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate ;— the 
president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ;— the 
person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, 
if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if 
no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest num- 
bers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House 
of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in 
choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation 
from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a 
member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States 
shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not 
choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before 
the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as 
President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the 
President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, 
shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number 
of electors appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then from the two 
highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a 
quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of sena- 
tors, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no 
person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to 
that of Vice-President of the United States. (1804.) 

XIII.— § I. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment 
for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within 
the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

§ 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legisla- 
tion. (1865,) 

XIV.— § I. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject 
to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State 
wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall 
abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall 
any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of 
law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the 
laws. 

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THE COKSTITUTIOI^ OF THE UKITED STATES. 

§ 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several States according 
to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each 
State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election 
for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, 
representatives in Congress, the executive or judicial officers of a State, or the 
members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of 
such State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or 
in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the 
basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the 
number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens 
twenty-one years of age in such State. 

§ 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or elector of 
President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the 
United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a 
member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any 
State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support 
the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or 
rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But 
Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. 

§ 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, 
including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in 
suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the 
United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred 
in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the 
loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims 
shall be held illegal and void. 

§ 5. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the pro- 
visions of this article. (1868.) 

XV.— § I. The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be 
denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, 
color, or previous condition of servitude. 

§ 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legisla- 
tion. (1869.) 



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